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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 86 (1999), S. 328-330 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract. The amphioxus is the only surviving prevertebrate segmented chordate. In this animal Hatschek's pit has long been regarded as a putative homologue of the adenohypophysis because of the presence of secretory granules and immunoreactive cells to vertebrate gonadotrophic hormone in this organ. We found that the nerve cord extends a protrusion to the pit along the right side of the notochord. Furthermore, secretory granules were found not only in the pit but also in the protrusion of the nerve cord. These results suggest that Hatschek's pit and the nerve protrusion are homologous to the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis, respectively. We believe that this is an evidence for the presence of the neuroendocrine link between the central nervous system and Hatschek's pit in the amphioxus.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gonadotropins ; isolation ; amino acid sequence ; immunocytochemistry ; steroid activities ; GnRH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The duality of salmon gonadotropins has been proved by biochemical, biological, and immunological characterization of two chemically distinc gonadotropins. GTH I and GTH II were equipotent in stimulating estradiol production, whereas GTH II appears to be more potent in stimulating maturational steroid synthesis. The ratio of plasma levels and pituitary contents of GTHs and the secretory control by a GnRH suggest that GTH I is the predominant GTH during vitellogenesis and early stages of spermatogenesis in salmonids, whereas GTH II is predominant at the time of spermiation and ovulation. GTH I and GTH II are found in distinctly separate cells. In trout, GTH I is expressed first in ontogeny, whereas GTH II cells appear coincident with the onset of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis, and increase dramatically at the time of final reproductive maturation. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of polypeptides and the base sequences of cDNA revealed that salmon GTH I β is more similar to bovine FSHβ than bovine LHβ and salmon GTH II β shows higher homology to bovine LHβ than to bovine FSHβ. The existence of two pituitary gonadotropins in teleosts as well as tetrapods suggests that the divergence of the GTH gene took place earlier than the time of divergence of teleosts from the main line of evolution leading to tetrapods.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5168
    Keywords: gonadotropins ; gonadotropin subunits ; gonadotropes ; lysosome ; immunocytochemistry ; Oncorhynchus mykiss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hypophyse des salmonidés produit deux gonadotropines (GTHI et GTHII) chimiquement distinctes. Les caractéristiques ultrastructurales des cellules produisant la GTHI et la GTHII ont été étudiées par immunocytochimie en microscopie électronique en utilisant des anticorps dirigés contre les sousunités GTHIβ et GTHIIβ de saumon. Chez les poissons en vitellogenèse, les cellules à GTHI se caractèrisent par un réticulum endoplasmique granulaire (REG) contenant de nombreuses citernes dilatées et un petit nombre de granules positives à la GTHIβ (diamètre 100–300 nm) tandis qu'une immunoréactivité à la GTHII était trouvée sur des granules (diamètre 200–4000 nm) et de grands globules (diamètre 500–4000 nm) dans des cellules apparemment différentes (cellules à GTHII). Des distributions cellulaires distinctes de la GTHI et la GTHII se sont maintenues à des stades plus avancées de la gamétogenèse, bien que les caractéristiques morphologiques des cellules à GTHI et GTHII se recoupent suite à des changements dans le nombre et la taiile des granules, des globules et des citernes du REG. II est à remarquer que les globules prśents dans les cellules à GTHI étaient immunonégatifs à la GTHIβ alors que dans les cellules à GTHII ils étaient toujours marqués par l'anticorps contre la GTHIIβ. Ces résultats confirment que, dans l'hypophyse des salmonidés, les GTHIβ et GTHIIβ sont synthetisées dans des types cellulaires différents et indiquent que des caractéristiques morphologiques ne peuvent être utilisées pour distinguer ces deux types cellulaires.
    Notes: Abstract The salmonid pituitary produces two chemically distinct gonadotropins (GTHI and GTHII). Ultrastructural characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-producing cells were studied in the trout pituitary with electronmicroscopic immunocytochemistry using antisera against salmon GTHIβ- and IIβ-subunits. In pituitaries from vitellogenic fish, GTHI-cells were characterized by numerous dilated cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) and a small number of Iβ-positive granules (diameter, 100–300 nm), whereas GTHIIβ-immunoreactivity was found on granules (diameter, 200–400 nm) and large globules (diameter, 500–4000 nm) in apparently different cells (GTHII-cells). Distinct cellular distributions of GTHI and GTHII were maintained during gametogenesis, although morphological characteristics of GTHI- and GTHII-cells overlapped each other due to changes in number and size of the granules, globules and cisternae of the GER. Interestingly, the globules in the GTHI-cells were immunonegative for GTHIβ, although in the GTHII-cells they were always stained with GTHIIβ-antiserum. These results confirm that GTHIβ and GTHIIβ are synthesized in distinctly different cell-types in the salmonid pituitary and indicate that morphological characteristics cannot be used to distinguish these two cell-types.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Lactation ; Copulation ; Estradiol ; Progesterone ; Macaca fuscata fuscata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of lactation on copulatory behaviors and ovarian functions was studied in Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata) during the mating season. Three lactating females were housed in an outdoor group cage with their infants, and three nonlactating females were housed in an adjacent outdoor cage. They were mated by introduction of one of four rotationally chosen males into the females' cage, for two hours three times a week; the occurrence of ejaculatory copulations was recorded. Blood samples were collected on each observation day, and plasma levels of estradiol, progesterone, and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays. In nonlactating females, plasma estradiol increased during the transition into the mating season, and rose to levels over 90 pg/ml for the first time on about 50 days before the first ovulation. Shortly after plasma estradiol exceeded 90 pg/ml in the nonlactating females, the onset of ejaculatory copulations occurred. They received ejaculations continuously up to the early ovarian luteal phase. On the other hand, in lactating females, there were lower levels of plasma estradiol (below 90 pg/ml) during the transition into the mating season, and they received no ejaculation during that period. Two of the three lactating females ovulated only once, and they received ejaculations only during the periovulatory period, coinciding with the rise of their plasma estradiol levels over 90 pg/ml. The remaining lactating female remained anovulatory and received no ejaculation throughout the entire mating season. These results have demonstrated that the low sexual activity of lactating females is clearly correlated with low levels of plasma estradiol due to suppressed ovarian function.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Reproductive senescence ; Aging of ovary ; Macaque monkey ; Follicular depletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Age-related changes in ovarian morphology were studied in female Japanese monkeys,Macaca fuscata fuscata. A total of 47 nonlactating females of various ages ranging from new-born to 〉28 yr old were used. Ovarian size increased during the first decade of life, reached a plateau at around 10 yr. This was followed by a gradual decline throughout the remaining life span. The ovarian cortex of new-born animals consisted of numerous clusters of mitotic primordial germ cells. Such mitotic germ cells were observed even in the ovary of 28-day-old animal, but were not found in any animal after 1.5 yr of age. Numbers of primordial follicles decreased exponentially with the advance of age, and only a few primordial follicles were observed after about 16 yr of age. The numbers of primary and tertiary follicles increased from ages 4 to 16 yr, with a peak at 8 to 10 yr, and then decreased gradually. Developing tertiary follicles were observed as early as 1.5 yr of age. About 40% of tertiary follicles were atretic follicles throughout life, and their size was similar to that of developing tertiary follicles. Corpora lutea or corpora albicantia were found in ovaries more than 4 yr old. Remnants of corpora lutea and corpora albicantia, together with thick-walled blood vessels and fibrosis, became apparent in ovaries after 16 yr, and were observed characteristically in ovaries over 26 yr of age. There was no significant difference in the number or in the size of tertiary follicles between the breeding and nonbreeding seasons.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Japanese macaque ; Paternity test ; Mating behaviour ; Hormonal status ; Estimated ovulation ; DNA fingerprinting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mating behaviour and reproductive success of male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) were studied in relation to the female sexual cycles, which were monitored from the plasma profiles of gonadotropins and ovarian hormones. Based on observations of the mating behaviour during four successive mating seasons and paternity identification by DNA fingerprinting in 35 out of 37 offspring born in the subsequent birth seasons, the correlations between (1) male dominance rank and timing of mating, and (2) male dominance rank and reproductive success were examined. The results may be summarized as follows. (1) The number of copulations with ejaculation by any male was positively correlated with the male dominance rank, but not with the identified numbers of offspring fathered by each male. (2) Males could not choose ovulatory females as mating partners: the number of copulations with ejaculation with females during ovulatory weeks was not related to the male's rank. Monopolized copulations in consortship were mostly observed between high-ranking males and non-lactating parous females after conception. (3) Paternity testing showed that the male copulating most frequently with a female was not the identified father in 11 out of 15 cases. Prediction of the fathers of offspring was difficult even from the number of copulations occurring at around the estimated time of ovulation. An adaptive explanation of these correlations is discussed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 229 (1983), S. 541-550 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Hagfish ; Somatostatin neurons ; Vasotocin neurons ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brain of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, was studied immunocytochemically using antisera against somatostatin (SRIH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). SRIH-immunoreactive perikarya were distributed bilaterally in the postoptic nucleus and in the hypothalamic nucleus. Although several short, stained fibers were observed in the vicinity of the perikarya, SRIH-immunoreactivity was not found in the neurohypophysis, nor in other parts of the brain. On the other hand, presumed arginine vasotocin (AVT) perikarya were distributed in an arc-shaped region extending from the posterior part of the preoptic nucleus to the anterior-most end of the hypothalamic nucleus and projected their fibers to the neurohypophysis. Most presumptive AVT perikarya were located close to the paired prehypophysial arteries near the anterior end of the postoptic nucleus. In the neurohypophysis, abundant presumptive AVT-fibers terminated in the posterior dorsal wall, although some fibers terminated in the anterior dorsal wall and only a few fiber endings were found in the ventral wall. No ACTH-positive cells were detected in the hagfish brain or in the pituitary gland.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 163 (1975), S. 433-443 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamic deafferentation ; Tanycyte absorption ; Peroxidase reaction ; Ovarian growth ; Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica the tanycytes of the median eminence absorbed peroxidase injected into the third ventricle. The number of tanycytes showing peroxidase reaction was greater in the posterior median eminence than in the anterior median eminence. Following hypothalamic deafferentation, the tanycyte absorption was augmented both in the posterior and anterior median eminence. These findings suggest that axons of some neurons, which have inhibitory action on the tanycyte absorption, were transected by deafferentation resulting in augmentation of tanycyte absorption. A considerable number of ependymal cells lining the upper portion of the third ventricle and those of the pars nervosa also absorbed peroxidase. In birds with a deafferented hypothalamus, photostimulated ovarian growth was completely inhibited.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine ; Glucagon ; Glucagon-like peptide, Pancreatic islets ; Salmo gairdneri ; Oncorhynchus kisutch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pancreatic islets of salmon contain at least two peptides of the glucagon family: 29-amino acid glucagon and 31-amino acid glucagon-like peptide (GLP). Both peptides were recently isolated from the pancreatic islets of coho salmon and sequenced (Plisetskaya et al. 1986). Antibodies generated against these two peptides and against human glucagon were used as immunocytochemical probes to investigate whether glucagon and GLP are processed in the same, or in different cell types in the pancreatic islets and the gut of salmon. Two salmonid species, rainbow trout and coho salmon, were studied. All islet A-cells in the two species were immunoreactive toward both anti-salmon (s)-glucagon and anti-s-GLP. Similar colocalization of glucagon and GLP immunoreactivities was found in open-type endocrine cells in mucosae of the small intestine (including the pyloric coecae) and the large intestine close to the vent of rainbow trout. None of the antibodies stained mucosal cells of the body of the stomach. These results suggest that in the pancreas and the gut of salmonid fish the same cells produce both glucagon and GLP. These peptides are most likely the products of a single gene coding for the preproglucagon sequence.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Median eminence ; Tanycytes ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Circumventricular organs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) was studied in the rat and mouse brain by means of light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. An immunoreactive product to LHRH antiserum was found near the blood vessels of the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis. In the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region, an immunoreactive material occurred bilaterally in the hypothalamic tissue around the tuberoinfundibular sulci. Electron microscopy revealed that immunoreactive fibers observed light microscopically contain numerous granules 100–130 nm in diameter. No immunoreactive product was located in the tanycytes of the median eminence, the perikarya of hypothalamic neurons, and the parenchyma of several circumventricular organs (subfornical organ, subcommissural organ, pineal organ, area postrema).
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