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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground-Water Dams for Rural-Water Supplies in Developing Countries (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 24 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The use of groundp-water dams to store water in regions with arid or tropical climates is a method that has received considerable attention in the last few years. By storing water behind subsurface dams in natural aquifers or in the sand accumulated in sand storage dams, the disadvantages of conventional surface storage, such as high evaporation rates, pollution, siltation, and health hazards, may be avoided. The techniques are very old, but only recently have there been some attempts to make systematic studies and to develop proper siting, design, and construction methods. This paper presents the experience gained from existing structures all over the world and describes the physical setting in which the techniques may be applied. Design and construction alternatives are shown, and case studies from India and Ethiopia are presented. The construction of ground-water dams may be a feasible solution to water-supply problems in many parts of the world if preceded by proper planning and site surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1986.tb01029.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids and ceramide signalling in cells exposed to P-fimbriated Escherichia coli (1998)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 29 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Uropathogenic Escherichia coli attach to epithelial cells through P fimbriae that bind Galα1-4Galβ-oligosaccharide sequences in cell surface glycosphingolipids. The binding of P-fimbriated E. coli to uroepithelial cells causes the release of ceramide, activation of the ceramide signalling pathway and a cytokine response in the epithelial cells. The present study examined the molecular source of ceramide in human kidney A498 cells exposed to P-fimbriated E. coli. Agonists such as TNF-α and IL-1β released ceramide from sphingomyelin by the activation of endogenous sphingomyelinases and hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, and triggered an IL-6 response. P-fimbriated E. coli caused a slight increase in endogenous sphingomyelinase activity, but there was no associated sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Instead, the concentration of galactose-containing glycolipids decreased. We propose that P-fimbriated E. coli differ from other activators of the ceramide pathway, in that release of ceramide is from receptor glycolipids and not from sphingomyelin. Receptor breakdown may be an efficient host defence strategy, as it reduces the concentration of cell surface receptors, releases soluble receptor analogues and activates an inflammatory response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.01017.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bacterial Adherence and Mucosal Cytokine Responses (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 797 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52959.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between drainage area characteristics and lake water quality (1992)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 19 (1992), S. 75-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this work is to quantify some of the complex relationships between drainage area characteristics (such as bedrocks and quaternary deposits) and lake water quality (pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness). Seventysix drainage lakes, mainly oligotrophic, are described with respect to drainage area characteristics, morphometry, and water chemistry. The DAZ (drainage area zonation) method has been used to describe the drainage areas. The method utilizes a weighting system to reduce the impact of land types with increasing distance from the lake. The most significant parameter governing the water chemistry parameters seems to be the percentage of open land (cultivated land and/or meadows) in the drainage areas. High percentage leads to high pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness. The correlations concerning alkalinity and pH are improved using the DAZ method. No significant relationships between bedrock geology of the drainage areas and lake water chemistry have been recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01797435
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New method of quantitatively describing drainage areas (1990)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 15 (1990), S. 61-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The aim was to introduce a new method, the DAZ method (drainage area zonation), to quantify environmental parameters, such as bedrocks, soil type, and land use in drainage areas. The work was carried out within the framework of the Swedish project “Liming—mercury.” Two important points in the project are that there are quantifiable relationships between the character of the drainage area and the lake and that several limnological and morphometric parameters may have an impact on the Hg content in fish. The DAZ method accounts for the fact that, for example, a certain soil type does not have an even distribution in the whole drainage area. To get a simple yet relevant measure of the influence of, for example, soil type on the lake character, the drainage areas were divided into zones using a special transparent paper placed on the map. The method gives normalized values depending on: (1) distance between the object and the given lake, (2) the main direction of water flow in the drainage area, and (3) the area of the environmental parameter (for example, area of bedrock). In the DAZ method, dot counting is used for determination of area. The dot-counting method has been compared with other methods for area determination (planimeter and square counting). Dot counting is the fastest and the counting of squares the most time consuming. The statistical reliabilities of the dot method and the planimeter method were compared. The planimeter is best for large homogeneous objects. Dot counting, on the other hand, is very well suited for heterogeneous objects. The statistical certainty of area determination depends on size, heterogeneity, and form of the objects, as well as the time dedicated to the determination. A nomogram is also given, which illustrates the relationship between the number of counts, that is, the number of times the transparent dotted paper is put on the map and the dots counted, the error in the area determination, and the statistical reliability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01704883
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury in fish in Swedish lakes — Linkages to domestic and European sources of emission (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 50 (1990), S. 171-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The work deals primarily with data from 894 Swedish lakes. The following parameters are discussed: Hg- and Se-concentrations and Hg-quantity in the mor layer reflecting the atmospheric deposition of Hg and Se-, Hg- and S-emissions deposition from Swedish and continental sources, precipitation, Hg in pike, lake area, lake mean depth, pH, color, alkalinity, hardness, S and chloride in lake water. The results are focused on geographical variations and statistical correlations for the Hg-content in 1-kg pike (=FHg), and on computer simulations to get insights and data on the linkages between various historical Hg-emissions and FHg. Selected results: Increased FHg-values may be attributed to atmospheric emissions of Hg and to acid rain. Southern Sweden is significantly influenced by continental Hg-emissions. East Germany, Great Britain, West Germany and Poland seem to have contributed with the largest foreign Hg-amounts in the Swedish mor layer and, at the end, to increased Hg-concentrations in Swedish fish. We have calculated that there are about 10 300 Swedish lakes with FHg 〉 1 mg Hg kg−1 (= the Swedish blacklisting limit). What would happen with FHg if atmospheric depositions of Hg and S were significantly reduced? Reductions of S would be beneficial primarily for lakes in S. Sweden. About 50% of the elevated levels of Hg in Swedish pike in the 1980s may be linked to Swedish Hg-emissions during the last 100 yr, about 10 to 15% could be attributed to foreign Hg-emissions and 35 to 40% to acid rain. There is a long lag phase between emission reduction and reduction of FHg. The known, major Swedish emissions of Hg have already been significantly reduced, but new point sources of Hg have appeared. There has been a significant change in the character of the Hg-emissions during the last decades. High FHg-values in fish in Swedish lakes will be a major environmental problem for decades to come.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284791
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mercury in the Swedish mor layer — linkages to mercury deposition and sources of emission (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 50 (1990), S. 311-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The report deals with data from 363 Swedish mor samples. The following parameters are discussed: Hg-, organic and Se-concentrations and Hg-quantity in mor, Hg- and S-deposition from Swedish and continental emissions (point sources and diffuse emissions) and precipitation. The results are focused on mean, geographical variations, statistical correlations and calculations to get first insights and order of magnitude data on the linkages between the Hg-contamination of the Swedish mor layer and the various sources of Hg-emissions. Southern Sweden is significantly influenced by continental Hg-emissions. Several previously unknown domestic discharge sources of Hg have been identified. The total amount of Hg in the Swedish mor layer has been estimated to be about 615 t. East. Germany, United Kingdom, West Germany and Poland seem to have contributed with the largest continental emissions of Hg entering the Swedish mor layers. The countries which early started to build up their industry probably are responsible for greater Hg-contamination than indicated by our figures, and vice versa. If no measures are taken to reduce the emissions, the present contamination will continue. Then, the ‘burden of guilt’ ought to be redistributed so that a higher proportion of the Swedish Hg-contamination would be linked to continental discharges since considerable reductions have already occurred as regards Hg-discharges from large Swedish sources. The problems with elevated Hg-levels in the mor layer and, at the end point, the high concentrations of Hg in lake fish in Sweden, will remain far into the next century.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280632
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between mercury in lake water, water colour and mercury in fish (1992)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 235-236 (1992), S. 675-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mercury ; lake water ; water color ; mean depth ; pike ; perch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between mercury content in fish (pike and perch), the different fractions of mercury in lake water and water color was investigated in 76, mainly oligotrophic lakes distributed over a large part of Sweden. The lakes were classified in terms of drainage area characteristics, lake morphometry and water chemistry. The dominant fraction of mercury in lake water was RIHg (fraction reducible to elemental mercury by NaBH4). RIHg and water color were strongly positively correlated. Water color (determined by the comparative method using colored disks) was used as a surrogate for the amount of humic matter in the water. Thus, humic matter appears to be acting as an important carrier of mercury. A positive relationship between mercury content in fish and water color was found only in deep lakes (average depth 〉 5 m). It is suggested that the bioavailability of mercury attached to humic matter increases due to anoxic conditions, common in the hypolimnion of deep lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026256
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  • 9
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    Sequestration of carbon in the humus layer of Swedish forests — direct measurements (2009)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-05-01
    Description: To determine sequestration rates of carbon dioxide (CO2) we calculated the carbon (C) storage rate in humus layers of Swedish forests with Podsolic soils, which account for 14.2 × 106 ha of the 22.7 × 106 ha of forested land in Sweden. Our data set covered 41 years of humus inventories and mean humus layer thickness in 82 513 plots. We analysed three forest types: (i) all combinations of tree species, (ii) forests dominated (〉70%) by Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.), and (iii) forests dominated (〉70%) by Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.). To relate changes in humus layer thickness to land area we used the intersections in 25 km × 25 km grids and used kriging interpolation, permitting calculations for each forest type. For each intersection mean humus thickness for each year was calculated and regressed against time to obtain the rate of change. This rate, humus bulk density, and humus C concentration were used to calculate sequestration rates. The mean sequestration rate was 251 kg C·ha–1·year–1, which is higher than theoretical values. The sequestration rate was positively related to temperature sum, albeit including effects of forest management. The pine-dominated forest type had a mean rate of 283 kg C·ha–1·year–1, and the spruce-dominated had a mean rate of 239 kg C·ha–1·year–1. Under similar site conditions, pine sequestered more C than spruce (difference of 71 kg C·ha–1·year–1; p 〈 0.0001), showing the importance of this type of ecosystem for C sequestration.
    Print ISSN: 0045-5067
    Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
    facet.materialart.
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    Relationships between drainage area characteristics and lake water quality (1992)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0943-0105
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0495
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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