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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 330-339 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Acid rain ; rainwater ; sampling network ; acid distribution ; acid deposition ; wet deposition ; pH ; precipitation amount ; hydrogen ion concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of acid deposition by atmospheric precipitation in the Federal Republic of Germany is discussed, based on investigations of the wet H+-deposition during the five years 1980–1984, using a network of 16 automated samplers of our own construction located in various categories of ecosystems. Analytical problems of sampling and the electrometric determination of pH in rainwater are briefly discussed. Results for the average amounts of precipitation, the average H+-concentrations and average H+-depositions in the 16 typical regions of the Federal Republic of Germany are compared and the influences of meteorological parameters are discussed. An increase of the H+-concentration and H+-deposition values has been observed from 1980 onwards with a maximum in 1981 and a slow decrease in the next two years. The comparison of the values found for rural regions with those for more significantly polluted regions shows that in the latter regions the removal of H+-ions by wash-out is more effective. Whereas in the Ruhr region the pH is shifted to more acid values, due to the wash-out of acid particles and aerosols, in regions with metallurgical industry the pH is shifted to more alkaline values due to the wash-out of alkaline particles. In general the free acid in rain and snow is rather uniformly distributed over the whole area as a result of mesoscalic transport of the acid precursors SO2 and NOx and the concomitant formation of acid in the cloud droplets leading to acid deposition by rain-out. The composition of rainwater and the possibility of determining the proportion of the acid anions in rain which are of anthropogenic origin is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry 363 (1999), S. 783-788 
    ISSN: 1432-1130
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A suitable and sensitive ion chromatographic measuring system for determining the main components at nanogram to milligram per liter levels in water samples from the electrodeionization process is presented. A modified Dionex system offers the possibility for the determination of anions and cations in the samples at ng/L, μg/L and mg/L levels. The ng/L level of anions and cations in 20–130 mL high-purity water can be analyzed immediately after preconcentration on appropriate exchange columns. The mg/L level samples are successfully determined by use of an auto-sampler. The quantification of each ion is achieved using the suppressor technique and a conductivity detector. Samples are taken from 5 steps of the electrodeionization process and stored in pre-cleaned FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene) at 7 °C in darkness prior to the determination of chloride, nitrate, sulfate, carbonate, sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Eluents, ultrapure water and samples for the determination of carbonate were passed through special glass containers and flushed with helium gas to avoid the effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Results of the investigation of the cationic and anionic composition in water samples within the electrodeionization process are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1114
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Conclusion The authors would like to underline errors in the mean velocity measurements in previous paper (Pineau et al. 1987). The direct drag measurements and Reynolds stress data were confirmed, and the new mean velocity profiles, in conjunction with the drag data resulted in exactly the same roughness scaling function as proposed by Perry and Joubert (1963) for the same k-type roughness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Atomic energy 71 (1991), S. 750-754 
    ISSN: 1573-8205
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 327 (1987), S. 253-260 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Reliable pH-determination of rain water represents a difficult task both from the theoretical and practical point of view because the chemical composition and conductivity of rain water samples varies widely. The method for determining the pH is described that was used during our systematic study of the acidity of rain in various regions of the FRG from 1980 to 1985 and the problems encountered are discussed. Potential sources of error are inadequate sampling, sample storage, and electrometrical pH-determination of samples with a very low conductivity. The use of various types of electrodes, their pretreatment, storage and time response as well as the accuracy of the determination are discussed. Examples are given of the application of the method for determining the time dependence of the pH during single rain events in Jülich as well as average monthly pH-values in polluted and nonpolluted regions in the Federal Republic of Germany.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine zuverlässige Bestimmung des pH-Wertes des Regenwassers ist wegen unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung und Leitfähigkeit des Regenwassers verschiedener Herkunft mit theoretischen und praktischen Problemen verbunden. Die während einer langzeitigen Meßreihe des pH-Wertes in verschiedenen Regionen der Bundesrepublik in den Jahren 1980–85 angewendete Methode wird beschrieben und die dabei auftretenden Probleme der pH-Bestimmung diskutiert. Die mangelhafte Richtigkeit ist vor allem auf die Probennahme, Probenlagerung und elektrometrische Bestimmung des pH-Wertes bei einer geringen Leitfähigkeit der Probe zurückzuführen. Verwendung verschiedener Elektrodentypen, ihre Vorbehandlung, Lagerung, Einstellungszeit und Genauigkeitsgrenzen des Meßwertes werden erörtert. Als Beispiel der Verwendung der Meßmethode werden Resultate aus der pH- und Leitfähigkeitsbestimmung in einzelnen Regenvorgängen in Jülich und in durchschnittlichen Monatsproben aus verschiedenen belasteten und nicht belasteten Regionen der Bundesrepublik angeführt.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 345 (1993), S. 291-293 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Ion chromatography has been applied to extracts of cryogenically homogenized biological materials from the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB) for the determination of a number of anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, NO 3 − , PO 4 3− , SO 4 2− , formate, and acetate). For quality assurance in speciation analysis appropriate Reference Materials (RMs) certified for extractable anions are needed. Third generation RMs, as provided by the ESBs, might be a suitable approach to achieve this goal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 317 (1984), S. 314-323 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the input of ecotoxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Ni) from the atmosphere into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems their wet deposition with rain (and snow) has been established as the deposition type of predominant significance. The wet deposition situation in the Federal Republic of Germany has been observed systematically since 1980 with a network of automated samplers of own construction distributed over the various regions of the country (German Wet Deposition Program). These regions include rural areas from the North Sea coast to the Alps as well as urban agglomerations, industrial zones and locations with particular heavy metal emissions. The analysis of the heavy metals is carried out by differential pulse stripping voltammetry or for Ni by adsorption differential pulse voltammetry. At the same time the determination of the H+-concentration by electrometric high precision pH-measurements provides for the observation period 1980–1982 a survey on the acid deposition in the various regions of the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on reliable experimental data the main contours and the dimensions of the present burden by the deposition of acid rain and the wet deposition of ecotoxic heavy metals emerge.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für den Eintrag ökotoxischer Schwermetalle (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn und Ni) aus der Atmosphäre in terrestrische und aquatische Ökosysteme hat sich die Naßdeposition als die vorherrschende Depositionsart erwiesen. Die Situation hinsichtlich der Naßdeposition in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland wird seit 1980 systematisch mit einem über das gesamte Bundesgebiet verteilten Netz automatischer Sammler eigener Entwicklung verfolgt (Deutsches Naßdepositionsprogramm). Die untersuchten Regionen schließen ländliche Gebiete von der Nordseeküste bis zu den Alpen ein sowie Ballungsräume, Industriezonen und Orte mit besonderer Schwermetallemission. Die Schwermetallanalyse erfolgt mit differentieller Pulsinversvoltammetrie oder für Ni mit differentieller Adsorptions-Pulsvoltammetrie. Gleichzeitig resultiert auf Grund präziser elektrometrischer pH-Messungen ein Überblick über die Säuredeposition in den verschiedenen Regionen des Bundesgebietes für den Beobachtungszeitraum 1980–1982. Basierend auf zuverlässigen experimentellen Daten ergaben sich die wesentlichen Konturen und die Dimensionen der gegenwärtigen Belastung der Bundesrepublik durch die Deposition von saurem Regen und die Naßdeposition ökotoxisch wirksamer Schwermetalle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-07-05
    Print ISSN: 2469-9950
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-9969
    Topics: Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1977-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-9155
    Electronic ISSN: 1361-6560
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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