ALBERT

Description: Date of Operation: 6-July 2017 to 14-September-2017 10:00 Location: Roof of 2 storey building at 2 Percy St, Auburn NSW 2144, Australia, -33.85472, 151.0373, 23.6 m above sea level, height mid-sonic above street level = 8.7 m, height mid-sonic above roof top=2.01 m Data collection rate: 10 Hz, average 5 min, timestamp end of collection period Bearing: 266 deg less 8 deg for offset Interruptions: logging program updated 14-July-2017 14:30 Issues: There was difficulty in determining the orientation of the 3D-sonic due to the surrounding infrastructure and nearby high tension electrical power lines. Final orientation was determined using GPS locations, and verified by comparison with wind direction data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), Sydney Olympic Park AWS site (station number 066212, -33.8338, 151.0718). The average difference in measured wind direction to Olympic Park AWS was +8 +/- 20 deg (+/-1s.d.,N=1037, Wind speed 〉 1m/s) and 8 degrees has been subtracted from the recorded wind directions.

Description: Operating dates: 28-October-2016 12:10 to 18 March 2017 8:35; 23-May-2016 13:30 to 13-September-2017 13:50. Location Spectrometer: Roof of 2-storey building at 2 Percy St, Auburn NSW 2144, Australia, -33.85472, 151.0373, 20.6 m above sea level at rooftop, height rooftop above street level = 6.72 m, measurement path above roof-top 1.2 m Location Reflectors: Roof 3-story building, Cumberland City Council Auburn Office, 1 Susan St Auburn 2144, Australia, -33.85311, 151.0335, 40.8 m rooftop above sea level, height roof top above street = 12.8 m, height mirror above rooftop = 2.7 m to centre mirror Distance instrument to reflector = 395.8 m one-way Total return path-length = 793.6 m (includes 2x1 m internal reflection) Measurement Path Slope: 5.3 Degrees; difference in Altitude = 20.9 m Measurement Path Bearing: 295°52'09'' Instrument description: A DOAS 2000 Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS; Thermo Environmental Instruments Inc., Franklin, MA, 02038, USA, Manufactured 1999) consisting of a 150W Xenon arc-lamp mounted in a telescope to act as emitting and receiving optics was used to make measurements in the Ultraviolet (UV) and Visible (VIS) regions. Light emitted from the telescope is returned via a retro reflector array, 150mm diameter, positioned 25-1000m away. Optic fibre is used to couple the telescope to spectrometer for analysis of the returned light. Light entering the spectrometer passes through an aperture and is sorted by wavelength using a grating. A 40nm region is then scanned at 1 angstrom intervals each detected using a photo multiplier tube (PMT). The resulting spectrum is then analysed as described in a following section. The telescope unit was mounted onto a Gibraltar Heavy duty tripod assembly (Quickset International Inc., Illinois, USA), to provide coarse alignment to the retro-reflector. Fine alignment was achieved by built in alignment aids on the telescope unit. The focus was manually adjusted by moving the source position on a slid rail. The measurement system is sensitive to a wavelength range of 200-650nm allowing for the analysis of many UV and VIS active pollutant gases in the atmosphere. Data is reported for Ozone (O3), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Formaldehyde (HCHO) and Nitrous acid (HONO). The precision for each species reported is; O3 = 3.9-4.8ppb, SO2 = 0.3-0.6ppb, NO2 = 2.4-4.1ppb, HCHO = 1.4ppb, HONO = 0.3ppb. Data for benzene and toluene were recorded for the first measurement period however the data was not of sufficient quality to be included. Data collection is controlled by the manufacturer's software package called DOAS 2000. The software uses user defined method files for operation and in this instance the collection/analysis procedure was NO2 (430nm) -〉 HONO (355nm) -〉 HCHO (330nm) -〉 SO2 (300nm) -〉 O3 (283nm) -〉 Benzene/Toluene (262nm). The measurement procedure continuously cycles around until interrupted by user or external factors. Instrument hardware calibrations are also controlled through the DOAS 2000 software. Calibration: Hardware calibrations were performed every month while wavelength correction checks were performed every 4 hrs and stored for use in spectra processing. Hardware calibrations use a mercury lamp located at the end of the optic fibre feeding the spectrometer. Gas species were calibrated using background mole fraction values (O3, SO2 & NO2), determined from a portable air quality monitoring station (Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW), measuring like species and co-located at the DOAS 2000 telescope. The air quality monitoring station instruments are referenced to a standard gas mixture daily to ensure performance and data quality. Wind speed needed to be 〉 1m/s for the determined background values to be valid. Data were then scaled according to the ratio of the calibrated background v's the DOAS 2000 background. Zero offsets were applied to HCHO and HONO as there wasn't a like measurement for these species. While the absolute accuracy of the measurements from the DOAS 2000 system can't be assured, based on the calibration strategy employed. However the differences have more confidence and are supported by a close match in scale and pattern of hourly averages from the portable air quality monitoring station. Data Collection Rate: Each spectral window is scanned for 2 mins and the resulting spectrum analysed before moving to the next region. A cycle of six spectral windows took 12-15mins to complete while a 5 spectral window cycle took 10-12mins. Spectral analysis: Spectral analysis was performed on-line by the DOAS 2000 software. In any UV-VIS measurement technique the resulting spectrum is dominated by the lamp or light source. To accurately retrieve information from the spectrum the lamp spectrum for the wavelength region needs to be subtracted. Prior to deployment the lamp was changed and new lamp spectra recorded to be used in analysis. The residual spectrum is then compared to a reference spectrum (treated identically) to provide a path averaged mole fraction measurement of the gas of interest. Reference spectra used in this work were those supplied with the instrument in 1999. Data QA: Data were filtered based on spectral fitting parameters that varied for each species but determined the quality of the fit. Restarting the collection procedure caused a reset of the stored wavelength adjustment corrections, therefore the correction was not made until a wavelength adjustment cycle was run on its regular programmed 4 hr interval. Data collected without the required wavelength adjustment correction were removed. This procedure assisted in removing effects due to alignment changes. Interruptions and issues: Maintaining a stable alignment of the optical system in an outdoor environment proved to be a challenge and significant data were lost. Outages due to alignment loss lasted upto 12 hrs. During summer the loss of alignment was rapid and only relatively short periods (hours) experienced a rapid change in signal to noise. During winter the alignment loss was gradual over many hours with more measurements made at a high PMT voltage, introducing more noise and thus lowering the signal to noise. This is noticeably by the increased scatter in the second half of the data set. Reliability of the spectrometer also caused data loss until a component failure on the 23/11/2016. Spectrometer reliability improved after the component replacement. The following extended (〉 1day) outages were experienced: 29/10/2016 - 2/11/2016 poor alignment, site visit to correct. 11/11/2016 - 14/11/2016 alternate instrument deployed, signal to noise poor, data deleted. 23/11/2016 - 9/12/2016 component failure. Identical component from spare instrument used. 23/12/2016 - 10/1/2017 holiday period shutdown, site access unavailable. 10/6/2017 - 13/6/2017 instrument access issues 18/8/2017 - 21/8/2017 strong winds Monthly spectrometer hardware calibrations interrupted data collection for ~5 hrs once a month.

Description: Location: Roof of 2-storey building at 2 Percy St, Auburn NSW 2144,Australia, -33.85469 151.0374 20.6 m rooftop above sea level, height rooftop above street level = 6.72 m; height air intake above rooftop= 3.3 m Operating dates: 28-October-2016 13:00 to 18-September-2017 13:00 Original measurement time resolution: 1 minute Averaging time: 1 hour The portable air quality monitoring site was maintained in accordance with Climate and Atmospheric Science Standard of Operation Procedures which includes scheduled site visit and instruments calibration. Interruptions or issues: Replaced the faulty (cooler failure) SO2 instrument T100 S.No 1013 with T100 S.No 276 on 28/06/16 and performed multipoint calibration (MPC). Replaced pump diaphragm of T300 CO and performed MPC. Replaced T204 NOx and Ozone instrument S.No 51 with T204 S.No 71 on 02/08/2017 due to noisy trace of Ozone and performed MPC. Issues: There was difficulty in determining the orientation of the 3D-sonic due to the surrounding infrastructure and nearby high tension electrical power lines. Final orientation was verified by comparison with wind direction data from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Sydney Olympic Park AWS site (station number 066212, GPS 33.8338, 151.0718). The average difference in measured wind direction to Olympic Park AWS was -27 23 (1 s.d., N=1036, Wind speed 〉 1m/s), and 27 degrees has been added to the recorded wind directions

Description: Location Spectrometer: Roof of 2 storey building at 2 Percy St, Auburn NSW 2144 Australia, -33.85472, 151.0373, 20.6 m rooftop above sea level, height rooftop above street level = 6.72 m; height measurement path above rooftop= 1.2 m Location Reflectors: Roof of 3 story building, Cumberland City Council, Auburn Office, at 1 Susan St Auburn 2144, Australia, -33.85311, 151.0335, 40.8 m rooftop above sea level, height roof top above street = 12.8 m, height mid-mirrors above rooftop = 2.4 m, Distance between Spectrometer and reflectors = 395.8 m one-way (instrument to reflector) + 1 m Return Measurement path = 792.6 m (including 1 m internal reflectance) Measurement Path Slope: = 5.3 Degrees; Difference in altitude = 20.9 m Measurement Path Bearing: 296.0278 degrees Gas Species Reported (units): Carbon Monoxide (CO, ppbv) Carbon Dioxide (CO2, ppmv) Nitrous Oxide (N2O, ppbv), Ammonia (NH3, ppbv), Methane (CH4, ppbv). Instrument description: The open path FTIR system is based on an FTIR spectrometer (Matrix-M IR cube, Bruker Optik, Ettlingen, Germany) which provides modulated infrared radiation with 1 cm-1 resolution from a globar source in a nominally parallel 25 mm diameter output beam. The beam passes through a beamsplitter (ZnSe window, 50 x 3 mm) to the secondary mirror of an on-axis beam expander which expands the beam diameter to 250 mm and reduces the divergence by a factor of 10. The beam expander was constructed from a modified 10 inch Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope (Model LX200R, Meade Instrument Corp., California, USA) by removing the standard Schmidt correction plate and secondary mirror and replacing it with a convex mirror of effective focal length 50mm. The beam expander is focussed by shifting the secondary mirror along the optic axis so that its focus is coincident with that of the primary mirror. An optically black mask ~ 5 mm in diameter at the centre of the secondary mirror blocks the back reflection of radiation to the detector from the centre of the mirror. The expanded beam follows an open path to 3 x 300 mm diameter retroreflector arrays (PLX Industries, New York, USA) located ~500 m distant from the spectrometer. The retroreflector returns the beam back on itself through the beam expander to the beamsplitter. The reflected beam from the beamsplitter is focussed by a 29 mm focal length 90 degrees off-axis paraboloidal mirror to a cooled MCT detector (Infrared Associates Inc., Florida, USA). The detector is cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature by a Stirling cycle mechanical refrigerator (RicorK508), removing the need for a liquid nitrogen supply in field applications. The FTIR spectrometer, beamsplitter, beam expander and detector are mounted on a single 100 mm optical rail to allow simple and robust alignment. The optical rail is mounted to a heavy duty tripod (Gibralter model 4-60450-OA, Quickset International Inc., Illinois, USA ) with a computer controlled Automated Instrument Mount (AIM Colterlec, Unanderra, Australia) to the allow accurate and stable alignment of the beam between spectrometer and retroreflector. The reported precision of the instrument is: NH3 1 ppb, N2O 0.6 ppb, CO2 0.5 ppm, CH4 2 ppb, CO 1 ppb. Data Collection Rate: average 5 min, timestamped at start of data collection period. Spectral Analysis: MALT (Griffith, D.W.T., Synthetic calibration and quantitative analysis of gas phase infrared spectra, Applied Spectroscopy, 50 (1), 59-70, 1996) with spectral parameters from HITRAN08 database (www.hitram.com). Spectral Micro Windows: CO2, N2O, CO and H2O 2150-2280 cm-1 CH4, H2O 3001-3140 cm-1 NH3, H2O 900-945 and 955-995 cm-1 Data QA: Data were removed when the maximum spectral intensity in the 2300 cm-1 spectral region was reduced to 〈 40% of the typical maximum value. Reduction in spectral intensity was typically due to rain, dew or dust on the telescope or retro-reflector surfaces. Calibration and Validation: Data (CO, CO2, CH4 and N2O) were compared with concurrent data from the Spectronus in-situ FTIR spectrometer. The regression results used to correct the OP-FTIR data (data collected at wind speed 〈 1 ms-1 were removed from the regression). Interruptions and Issues: Instrument Failure: UoW OP-FTIR OP3 failed with laser failure on 28 May 2017 14:15 and was replaced by OP5 on 31 May 2017 14:14; Optics on OP-FTIR updated on 16 June 2017 10:35. Instrument shut down when air temperature exceeded 42 C to protect instrument against over-heating.

Description: It is recognised that Western Sydney experiences poorer air quality compared to the eastern suburbs due to the topography of the Sydney basin resulting in pollution produced in eastern Sydney being transported by the easterly sea breeze to Western Sydney, where it pools against the mountain range. As part of the Western Air-Shed and Particulate Study for Western Sydney (WASPSS), targeted air quality measurement campaigns were conducted in Western Sydney with the aim to identify hot spots for poor air quality and understand the variability in air quality in western Sydney, in particular how well the existing air quality monitoring network represents the air quality where people live. The measurement campaigns were operated in collaboration with the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH), supplementing the information available from the ongoing OEH measurement network. The Auburn Air Quality measurement site was established on the roof a 2 story building at 2 Percy St, on the edge of the Auburn CBD in Western Sydney, and operated between 25 May 2016 and 9 September 2017. The site is adjacent to major rail line, used for heavy diesel freight, and major road networks. To the east is light industry, to the north and west is the Auburn CBD, with residential areas to the west. The site included a portable air monitoring station (OEH), containing instrumentation comparable to the OEH monitoring stations, an extended open path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectrometer, measuring atmospheric CO2, CO, N2O, CH4 and NH3 and an open path ultra-violet visible (UV-visible) Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS) measuring O3, SO2, NO2, HCHO & HONO. The two open path instruments operated with parallel measurement paths of ~ 400m, with the measurement paths terminated by mirror arrays located on the roof of a 3 story building within the Auburn CBD, on a small hill above the Percy St building. The open path FTIR and DOAS operated from October 2016 to March 2017, and May 2017 to September 2017. In August 2017 an in-situ FTIR tracer gas analyser (CO, CO2, N2O, CH4 and 13C in CO2) was installed with an air intake adjacent to the OEH monitoring station intake, and operated until September 2017. Meteorological data supplied by a 3D sonic anemometer from July 2017 to September 2017 complimented the weather station data from the portable monitoring station. Location: Roof of 2 storey building at 2 Percy St, Auburn NSW 2144, Australia, -33.85472, 151.0374; Height: roof top above sea level 20.6 m; height rooftop above street level 6.72m Site operational Dates: 28-October-2016 13:00 to 18-September-2017 13:00 Time zone: Australian Eastern Standard Time, UTC+10 hours

Description: We assess the performance of an inverse Lagrangian dispersion technique for its suitability to quantify leakages from geological storage of CO2. We find the technique is accurate ((QbLS/Q)=0.99, sigma=0.29) when strict meteorological filtering is applied to ensure that Monin–Obukhov Similarity Theory is valid for the periods analysed and when downwind enrichments in tracer gas concentration are 1% or more above background concentration. Because of their respective baseline atmospheric concentrations, this enrichment criterion is less onerous for CH4 than for CO2. Therefore for geologically sequestered gas reservoirs with a significant CH4 component, monitoring CH4 as a surrogate for CO2 leakage could be as much as 10 times more sensitive than monitoring CO2 alone. Additional recommendations for designing a robust atmospheric monitoring strategy for geosequestration include: continuous concentration data; exact inter-calibration of up- and downwind concentration measurements; use of an array of point concentration sensors to maximise the use of spatial information about the leakage plume; and precise isotope ratio measurement to confirm the source of any concentration elevations detected.

Description: Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected using an Ionicon 4000 Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29S 150°49'24.97E) from an inlet 10 m above ground level as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. The campaign ran from mid-January to mid-March, 2020, with the instrument running from early February. Data presented here corresponds to data used in paper by Mouat et al. (2021a) which spans from 2-6 Feb. 2020. These species are in addition to directly calibrated species archived by Mouat et al. (2021b) in a seperate PANGAEA record. Sample air was drawn down a 20 m PTFE inlet line with a bypass pump (flow rate 1.5 – 3 Lmin-1). Concentrations for compounds presented in this dataset were calculated using methodology proposed in Sekimoto et al. (2017).

Description: Measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected using an Ionicon 4000 Proton Transfer Reaction Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29"S 150°49'24.97"E) from an inlet 10 m above ground level as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. The campaign ran from mid-January to mid-March, 2020, with the instrument running from early February. Sample air was drawn down a 20 m PTFE inlet line with a bypass pump (flow rate 1.5 - 3 L min-1). Calibration occurred in situ using standard cylinders for the compounds reported below. Calibration uncertainty is ±20%. Additional compounds may be available on request. Measurements were processed using the Ionicon PTR-MS Viewer software. Measurements from February 2 - February 7 have been corrected to account for an identified inlet leak. A flat subtraction was applied, and resulting compound offsets are provided in the parameter comments. Data from February 7 – February 16 have been removed due to identified leak requiring greater corrections.

Description: Measurements of wind speed and direction were captured using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Windmaster Pro, Gill Instruments Limited, Hampshire, UK). Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29"S 150°49'24.97"E) from a mast 10 m above ground level as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. Data processing was handled by the EddyPro® 7 software (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements were taken at 1-minute time resolution and averaged to thirty-minute means, as reported here. Mean wind speed and direction are the only parameters reported here as the authors are concerned the adjacent tree canopy has significantly impacted the flux measurements. For further details please contact the authors. Wind speed and direction measurements were also taken at an adjacent air quality monitoring station installed for the campaign. These data are also available in this depository, listed under "Air quality pollutants measurements at Cataract Scout Park, Australia, taken during the COALA-2020 campaign."