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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 671-686 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: oviposition behavior ; solitary parasitoid ; gregarious parasitoid ; host discrimination ; Anaphes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anaphes victus Huber andAnaphes listronoti Huber (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are respectively solitary and gregarious egg parasitoids of the carrot weevil,Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). We made detailed ethograms of the oviposition behavior on unparasitized and parasitized hosts for the two species. We then compared the behavior of virgin and mated females for the oviposition of male and female progenies. The two species did not always oviposit after insertion of the ovipositor, but these punctures without oviposition could be readily differentiated from oviposition.A. victus oviposited only once by puncture, whileA. listronoti deposited one to three eggs during the same sequence. The variability of the duration of the various components was generally lower for a given female than between females. Two components, the abdominal vibrations and the pause, were significantly shorter in ovipositions that resulted in male progency for the two species. However, an important overlap in duration prevents using these differences to sex the progeny at oviposition. Virgin females of both species, although capable of producing only males, exhibited both behaviors. Parasitized hosts were recognized through internal and external markings that were used in host discrimination.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Encapsulation ; host-parasitoid interaction ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; Encyrtidae ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; Pseudoccocidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'encapsulement d'Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hyménoptère, Encyrtidae) par la cochenille du manioc Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptère, Pseudococcidae) a été étudié au laboratoire en conditions standardisées de thermohygrométrie et de photopériode aussi proches que possible de celle existant sur le terrain: température: 26±1 °C; hygrométrie relative: 80±10%; photopériode: 12 heures. Le phénomène débute par un dépot de mélanine sur les enveloppes du parasitoïde à différents stades de son développement: chorion de l'œuf ou cuticule des larves L2 et L3. Il aboutit à la formation d'une capsule amorphe dont le parasitoïde parvient parfois à s'échapper. L'encapsulement affectant 26,7% des individus en situation de parasitisme solitaire est très significativement augmenté dans le cas de superparasitisme où ce taux concerne jusqu'à 83,3% des Hyménoptères en développement mais dans ces situations de superparasitisme, un Hyménoptère adulte est toujours obtenu d'une cochenille infestée. L'encapsulement est par ailleurs favorisé lorsque la ponte du parasitoïde s'effectue dans la région médiane de la cochenille mais ne dépend pas du rang de ponte des œufs et de la durée de la piqûre. Nos résultats, confirmés par des travaux de terrain au Congo, indiquent qu'un tel taux d'encapsulement a une incidence sur l'efficacité parasitaire d'Epidinocarsis lopezi et qu'il doit être pris en considération dans le progamme de lutte biologique en cours en Afrique contre Phenacoccus manihoti.
    Notes: Abstract Encapsulation of Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) by the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (Homoptera, Pseudococcidae) was studied in the laboratory under controlled conditions (thermohygrometry and photoperiod as close as possible to field conditions): temperature, 26±1 °C; relative humidity, 80±10%; photoperiod, 12 h. Encapsulation began with melanin deposits forming on the parasitoid envelopes at different developmental stages: egg chorion and cuticle of L2 and L3 larvae. It led to the formation of an amorphous capsule from which parasitoids could occasionally escape. Encapsulation affected 26.7% of all parasitoids in solitary parasitism. There was a highly significant increase in the level of encapsulation (83.3%) in superparasitism. Encapsulation was more likely when egg laying occurred in the median body zone of host mealybugs but it was not related either to the sequence of eggs deposited or to the duration of egg laying. These results have significant implications for the assessment of E. lopezi parasitoid efficiency and should be considered in the current biological control program on P. manihoti in Africa.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Megarhyssa atrata (Pimplinae) is the largest species known amongst Hymenoptera. In its natural habitat, North America, it is a strict parasito¨ıd of Tremex columba (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Siricidae). The para- site infests xylophagous host larvae buried in wood. The present work describes the complex movements of the ovipositor during oviposition and its flexibility ensuring the positioning of the stylus at the site of boring. These movements are made possible by the unfolding of the intersegmentary membranes (equipped with a secretory internal surface) and by the full rotation of abdominal segments 8 and 9. During this rotation, the stylus of the ovipositor pushes and extends the membranes completely which, as a result, form a translucent disc measuring 2 cm in diameter. The entry of the stylus into wood is helped by another secretion produced at the tip of the valvulae. This lytic secretion destroys wood fibers. With this set of adaptations, the hymenopteran can bore into a thickness of hard wood and reach its host larvae at a depth of 14 cm.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Anaphes victus ; Supernumerary larvae ; Oviposition interval ; Facultative hyperparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In solitary parasitoids, in which only one individual can emerge per host, the adaptive value of conspecific superparasitism is a function of the survival probability of the egg laid by the superparasitizing female. In the few cases which these probabilities are compared, the oldest immature has an advantage over the other individuals. We measured the acceptance rate of parasitized hosts and survival rate of supernumerary larvae in Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in relation to the interval between ovipositions. When this interval was 5–7 days, the first immature was at the prepupa and pupa stage respectively, and female Anaphes victus changed their oviposition behavior markedly. They killed the developing parasitoid of their own species before ovipositing in it. The progeny of these females, which are normally primary parasitoids, developed thereafter as hyperparasitoids. Indeed, in contrast with other species, the survival of the second female's progeny increased with the time interval between ovipositions. This type of facultative intraspecific hyperparasitism is different from autoparasitism in Aphelinidae and has never been mentioned in other parasitoids; it would be adaptive if females of this short-lived species encounter low-quality patches.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 237-242 
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key wordsAnaphes victus ; Supernumerary larvae ; Oviposition interval ; Facultative hyperparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In solitary parasitoids, in which only one individual can emerge per host, the adaptive value of conspecific superparasitism is a function of the survival probability of the egg laid by the superparasitizing female. In the few cases which these probabilities are compared, the oldest immature has an advantage over the other individuals. We measured the acceptance rate of parasitized hosts and survival rate of supernumerary larvae in Anaphes victus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in relation to the interval between ovipositions. When this interval was 5–7 days, the first immature was at the prepupa and pupa stage respectively, and female Anaphes victus changed their oviposition behavior markedly. They killed the developing parasitoid of their own species before ovipositing in it. The progeny of these females, which are normally primary parasitoids, developed thereafter as hyperparasitoids. Indeed, in contrast with other species, the survival of the second female’s progeny increased with the time interval between ovipositions. This type of facultative intraspecific hyperparasitism is different from autoparasitism in Aphelinidae and has never been mentioned in other parasitoids; it would be adaptive if females of this short-lived species encounter low-quality patches.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 37-48 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apoanagyrus lopezi ; Phenacoccus manihoti ; cassava ; biological control ; resistance ; olfactometer ; herbivore-induced synomones ; volatile chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apoanagyrus (Epidinocarsis) lopezi De Santis is an endoparasitoid used in the biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero in Africa. The response of naive and mated females of A. lopezi to odors from cassava plant (var. Zanaga), parasitized or unparasitized mealybugs, and plant–mealybug host complexes with or without feeding hosts was investigated in a Y-tube olfactometer. Dual-choice tests revealed that mealybug-infested plants and mealybug-damaged plants were the major sources of volatiles that attract female parasitoids to the microhabitat of its hosts. The emission of volatile chemicals appears not to be limited to the infested plant part but to occur systemically throughout the plant. On their own, unparasitized mealybugs were more attractive than uninfested plants or parasitized mealybugs alone. Parasitization of P. manihoti by A. lopezi decreased the response of parasitoids to mealybugs or mealybug–plant complexes. Plants infested with unparasitized hosts attracted more female parasitoids than plants infested with parasitized mealybugs. These results indicate that, in the long-range host-searching process, females of A. lopezi respond mainly to mealybug-induced synomones, and specific host-derived cues play a minor role.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: host discrimination ; correspondence analysis ; superparasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cemelles d'Epidinocarsis lopezi sont confrontées à des lots de cochenilles-hôtes non parasitées ou contenant une proportion variable d'individus parasités. Les séquences de ponte obtenues dans les différentes situations sont filmées et découpées en unités de comportement ou item. L'analyse de la succession de ces unités permet la construction de diagrammes de flux sur plans factoriels caractéristiques de chaque type de séquence. La comparaison de ces diagrammes met en évidence la capacité discriminatoire des femelles parasitoïdes car l'importance relative des item est modifiée par le taux d'hôtes parasités rencontrés; elle donne aussi des indications sur les motivations d'une femelle lors de l'exploitation d'une placette (patch). De plus, l'analyse découpe la séquence de ponte en item liés à la recherche de l'hôte, item liés à la ponte proprement dite et item intervenant après la piqûre. Ces trois séries d'unités comportementales sont associées aux axes factoriels qui illustrent donc les tendances fondamentales du comportement de ponte.
    Notes: Abstract Females ofEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) are presented with groups of unparasitized hosts or groups containing different ratios of parasitized hosts (Phenacoccus manihoti). Oviposition behaviour sequences obtained in various situations are filmed and split into units of behaviour or patterns. The succession of patterns is analyzed and translated into flow charts on factorial maps characteristic of each type of sequence. Comparison of flow charts reveals host discrimination by female parasitoids since the relative importance of behaviour patterns is modified according to the level of parasitized hosts encountered; it also gives clues to the strategy adopted by the female parasitoid during the search of a patch. In addition, the analysis divides the oviposition sequence into three separate patterns, specific to host search, oviposition act and post-oviposition behaviour. This series of patterns is closely related to factorial axes which indicates the fundamental trends of oviposition behaviour.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Epidinocarsis lopezi ; acclimatation ; dispersion ; potentiel parasitaire ; relations hôte-parasitoïde ; Congo ; Epidinocarsis lopezi ; establishment ; dispersal ; parasitism potential ; host-parasitoid relationships ; Congo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The hymenopterous parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) was introduced into the Congo from South America in an attempt to control the cassava mealybugPhenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Under laboratory conditions, the following information was obtained about the life cycle of the parasitoid. The mean period between egg laying and emergence of the subsequent adults was 16 days. Although the sex ratio was slightly in favour of females (56%), it fluctuated according to the hosts used. The parasitoids preferred to lay on L3 mealybugs and to a lesser extent on young immature ♀♀. Female parasitoids lived approximately 43 days and laid an average of 208 eggs over 40 days (5 eggs per day) when their diet contained honey. Without honey, each female laid about 140 eggs (3 eggs per day). Superparasitism rose to 64% when mealybugs were scarce but when L3 mealybugs were plentiful it fell to about 6%. Once released, the parasitoid established well and then spread into neighbouring fields. Maximum parasitism achieved at peak mealybug infestation, however, was only 16%. Therefore, although this parasitoid has many favourable qualities, it is not sufficiently effective when released to control mealybug infestations in field crops.
    Notes: Résumé L'Hyménoptère parasitoïdeEpidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) a été introduit d'Amérique du Sud au Congo pour le contrôle des populations de la cochenille du maniocPhenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Dans les conditions du laboratoire, les principaux paramètres du développement ont été étudiés: le temps de développement entre la ponte de l'œuf et l'émergence de l'adulte est en moyenne de 15,6 jours; le taux sexuel est de 56% de femelles en maintien de souche, variable selon le stade des hôtes présentés; la longévité des ♀♀ est de 42,26 jours; la fécondité moyenne pour des ♀♀ nourries de miel s'établit autour de 207,6 œufs sur une période de 40 jours (5,2 œufs par jour en moyenne), elle est inférieure en absence d'alimentation (141 œufs au total et 3,8 par jour); le stade hôte choisi pour la ponte est essentiellement la larve L3 (à un moindre degré les jeunes ♀♀ sans ovisac); le superparasitisme peut atteindre 64% en situation de raréfaction de l'hôte, mais il n'est que de 5,7% en présence de fortes proportions de L3. Après des lâchers expérimentaux, l'auxiliaire s'est acclimaté dans les champs expérimentaux et a colonisé les champs voisins. Ses taux de parasitisme achevé ont atteint un maximum de 15,4% des stades préférentiels (22% pour le parasitisme en cours) avant le pic de gradation de la cochenille. Ces données présententE. lopezi comme un parasitoïde ayant de bonnes qualités intrinsèques mais qui, à l'heure actuelle, ne parvient pas à réguler les populations de la cochenille dans la zone où il a été lâché.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The caterpillars ofHyponomeuta malinellus Zell. are subjected at different stages during their development to an experimental fast which sometimes happens during the normal period and most particularly during the phases of gradation of the host. The fast of the host affects more or less strongly the development of its polyembryonic parasiteAgeniaspis fuscicollis Thoms according to the stage reached by this entomophage at the beginning of the imposed spoliation. It is at the morula stage corresponding to one of the asexual phases of multiplication of the polyembryony that the parasite is at its most vulnerable. The populations of the host and parasite are most often unequally affected by the imposed conditions; this different sensitivity can constitute a new element in the dynamics of the coaction hostparasitoid.
    Notes: Résumé Les chenilles d'Hyponomeuta malinellus Zell. sont soumises à différents stades de leur développement à un jeûne expérimental qui se produit parfois au cours du cycle naturel et notamment lors des phases de gradation du phytophage. Le jeûne de l'hôte affecte plus ou moins fortement le développement de son parasite polyembryonnaireAgeniaspis fuscicollis Thoms., selon le stade atteint par cet entomophage au début de la spoliation imposée. C'est au stade morulaire correspondant à une des phases de multiplication asexuée de la polyembryonie que le parasite se révèle le plus vulnérable. Les populations de l'hôte et du parasite sont le plus souvent inégalement affectées par les conditions imposées; cette «sensibilité différente» peut constituer un elément nouveau dans la dynamique de la coaction hôte-parasite.
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