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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n., a Neogregarine Pathogen of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida Queen Butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 17 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Naturally occurring populations of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) and the Florida queen butterfly D. gilippus berenice Cramer were found infected with Ophryocystis elektroscirrha sp. n. This neogregarine pathogen infects the hypodermal tissue, remains in micronclear schizogony until after pupation of the host, and then rapidly completes morphogenesis in the tissue that becomes the scales of the adult butterfly. The adult thus carries the spores externally; no internal infection was detected. The pathogen is unique in the genus Ophryocystis because: other species have all been reported from the Malphigian tubules of Coleoptera; no pseudopodial attachments of schizonts to host tissue were seen; the merozoites were motile; the cystic membrane surrounding the zygote was tenuous, and the sporont developed with no apparent membrane other than the spore wall: and the spore wall appeared amber in transmitted light when morphogenesis was completed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1970.tb02375.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ERADICATION AND PEST MANAGEMENT (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 43 (1998), S. 471-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eradication is the elimination of every single individual of a species from an area to which recolonization is unlikely to occur. Cost-benefit analyses of eradication programs involve biases that tend to underestimate the costs and overestimate the benefits. In this review, we (a) highlight limitations of current cost-benefit analyses, (b) assess eradication strategies from biological and sociological perspectives by discussing particular cases of successful and failed eradication efforts, and (c) briefly contrast eradication and ongoing area-wide control as pest management strategies. Two successful eradication programs involve the screwworm and cattle ticks. Gypsy moth and medfly eradication programs have not been successful, and subsequent captures of insects recur in eradication areas. In situations where heterogeneity of land use patterns make it difficult to prevent reinvasion of the pest, education and area-wide suppression are probably more realistic goals than eradication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fumarate reductase is a soluble enzyme in anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 98 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression and distribution of fumarate reductase activity was examined in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Fumarate reductase was expressed at very low levels in aerobically grown cell and was markedly induced by growth under anaerobic conditions. Cells were fractionated into soluble and purified membrane components by four different methods. For all four methods used, and in marked contrast to the membrane-bound fumarate reductases of other bacteria, ≧ 98% of the fumarate reductase activity was localized in the soluble fraction. In cells subjected to osmotic shock or treated with lysozyme and EDTA to form spheroplasts, the specific activity of fumarate reductase was highest in the periplasmic fraction, while the majority of total fumarate reductase activity was in the cytoplasmic fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05483.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ferric reductase is associated with the membranes of anaerobically grown Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 108 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression and distribution of ferric reductase activity was examined in Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1. Formate-dependent ferric reductase was not detected in aerobically grown cells but was readily detectable in anaerobically grown cells. Ferric reductase activity was found exclusively in the membrane fractions, with 54–56% in the outer membrane. In contrast, the majority of formate dehydrogenase was in the soluble fraction with lesser amounts associated with the various membrane fractions. Outer membrane ferric reductase activity was markedly inhibited by p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonate, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinolone-N-oxide, and antimycin A, but was unaffected by the presence of alternate electron acceptors (nitrate, nitrite, fumarate, and trimethylamine N-oxide). Both formate and NADH served as electron donors for ferric reductase; activity with l-lactate or NADPH was poor. The addition of FMN markedly stimulated formate- and NADH-dependent ferric reductase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06066.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of menaquinone in the reduction of fumarate, nitrate, iron(III) and manganese(IV) by Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 114 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mutants of Shewanella putrefaciens MR-1 deficient in menaquinone and methylmenaquinone, but which have wild-type levels of ubiquinone, retain the ability to use trimethylamine N-oxide as an electron acceptor, but they lose the ability to use nitrate, iron(III), and fumarate as electron acceptors. These mutants also show a reduced rate of manganese(IV) reduction. One of these mutants could be restored to essentially wild-type phenotype by supplementing the medium with 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. A requirement for naphthoquinones in iron(III) reduction and a preference for naphthoquinones in manganese(IV) reduction provide further support that the metal reducing systems in MR-1 are linked to anaerobic respiration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb06576.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in the fecundity of tent caterpillars: a correlated character of disease resistance or sublethal effect of disease? (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 103 (1995), S. 475-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Population cycles ; Forest lepidoptera ; Nuclear polyhedral virus ; Fecundity ; Sublethal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over the fluctuation in population density of tent caterpillars, Malacosoma californicum pluviale and M. disstria, fecundity changes from being high at peak density to low for several years during the decline. During the increase phase, fecundity rapidly returns to moderately high levels with a further increase occurring to-ward the end of the increase phase. Two hypotheses which might explain these shifts are that (1) mortality from viral disease which is common during population declines selects for resistant individuals with low fecundity as an associated characteristic, and (2) sublethal viral disease reduces fecundity of moths during population decline. In this study we observed rapid shifts in the frequencies of large and small egg masses and in the mean fecundity between different phases of the population fluctuation. Viral disease was more common in caterpillars from small egg masses of the forest tent caterpillar. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that sublethal effects of virus reduce the fecundity of moths during the population decline, but high fecundity is quickly restored when disease is rare during the population increase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328686
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and dispersal in populations capable of resource depletion (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 23 (1976), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simulation model has been used to investigate the influence of animal (insect) distribution and dispersal among exhaustable resource units (food plants). Population size and stability were used as measures of success. The results showed that population size and stability are highest when egg batch size is as large as can be supported by the average food plant or slightly larger if larval dispersal occurs. Clumping of egg batches of food plants increases population stability when egg batches are small by insuring that some food plants will not be overcrowded. Increasing the proportion of larval dispersers or the success of dispersers can increase or decrease population size and stability depending on the original egg batch distribution, but individuals which produce offspring some of which disperse, generally have a selective advantage. Density dependent larval dispersal decreases population stability. Finally, individuals with lower reproductive capacities can have a selective advantage over those with higher reproductive capacities under certain conditions of egg batch size and larval dispersal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00345956
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution and dispersal in populations capable of resource depletion (1976)
    Springer
    Oecologia 24 (1976), S. 7-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Theoretical predictions from a simulation model of insect distributions and dispersal among isolated food plants have been tested with data gathered from 13 Cinnabar moth populations. Agreement with the predictions was good. Egg batch size was equal to or slightly larger than the number which could be supported by the average food plant. Egg batch distribution was more clumped when density was high and when egg batch size was small relative to food plant size. The tendency for larval dispersal was lower in populations in areas where plants were widely spaced. These findings indicate that the Cinnabar moth has the genetic or phenotypic flexibility to adjust egg batch size, egg distribution, and larval dispersal to characteristics of the habitat. A hypothesized model is proposed to describe the interactions between larval dispersal, food plant response to defoliation, and population fluctuations for the Cinnabar moth and its food plant, tansy ragwort.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00545484
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Previous herbivore attack of red alder may improve food quality for fall webworm larvae (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 63 (1984), S. 166-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three hypotheses of insect-plant interactions were tested by rearing fall webworm larvae in the laboratory on foliage from red alder trees with different histories of western tent caterpillar herbivory. Fall webworm larvae raised on foliage from trees which had been attacked previously for two summers by moderate densities of western tent caterpillars grew faster and attained heavier pupal weights than did those fed foliage from unattacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that moderate levels of previous herbivory induces the production of plant defensive chemicals in red alders. Growth of webworms, when fed foliage from unattacked trees adjacent to alders that were attacked by fall webworm larvae, was the same as when fed foliage from trees isolated by distance from attacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that attacked trees stimulate the production of defensive chemicals in neigh-boring trees. Young and mature alder foliage was equally good for fall webworm growth and survival, and foliage from trees heavily attacked by both fall webworm and western tent caterpillars for three years produced slow growth rates and small pupal sizes. This supports the hypothesis that continued heavy insect attack can cause the deterioration of the food quality of attacked trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379873
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does tent caterpillar attack reduce the food quality of red alder foliage? (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 62 (1984), S. 74-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We assayed the quality of red alder trees for western tent caterpillar growth and survival to test the hypothesis that caterpillar feeding stimulates plant defenses in both attacked and adjacent trees. Three years of high tent caterpillar density were necessary before deterioration in foliage quality occurred, and even then only foliage from trees which were almost completely defoliated in the current year reduced the growth of caterpillars. Both tent size and mean egg mass size increased after the second year of high density which indicates that good conditions still existed for tent caterpillars after 2 to 3 years of heavy feeding. Egg masses which were moved to areas where trees had not recently supported a high caterpillar population produced significantly smaller tents than endemic controls in 1982. Therefore the small tent and egg mass size of the high density population in 1982 was inherent to the insects rather than modified by food source. In 1983 the tents from introduced egg masses were as large as naturally occurring tents. If lightly attacked trees within areas of high caterpillar density are better defended against insect attack, this does not show up in their ability to support caterpillar growth and survival. We found no evidence to support the hypothesis that trees communicate insect attack and stimulate chemical defenses in adjacent trees. Reduced foliage quality seems to be a result of extensive insect damage rather than a defense against insect damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377376
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