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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mathematical model and laser-scattering temperature measurements of a direct-current plasma torch discharging into air (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 4759-4769 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The numerical plasma torch model of D. A. Scott, P. Kovitya, and G. N. Haddad [J. Appl. Phys. 66, 5232 (1989)], in which both the arc and plume regions are included in the computational domain, has been extended to treat the effect of the mixing of the plasma gas with the ambient gas. Both laminar diffusion and turbulent mixing are considered. The predictions of the model are compared with laser-scattering measurements of the temperature distribution in the plume of a plasma torch, for the case in which the plasma gas is argon and the ambient gas is air at atmospheric pressure. Good agreement is found between the measurements and the predictions of the model. The rapid decay in plume temperature away from the exit of the torch nozzle is shown to be mainly due to cooling by air entrained by turbulent mixing. The K-ε turbulence model is found to adequately approximate the turbulence phenonema involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353840
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elongated quadrupole ion traps for frequency standard applications (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 2880-2882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The use of a novel nonaxisymmetric quadrupole ion trap for frequency standard applications is suggested. The properties of such an elongated trap are examined using a cold-ion-cloud model. It is shown that increasing the elongation of the trap, while keeping either the smallest dimension or the volume of the trap constant, substantially increases the ratio of the number of ions that can be stored to the magnitude of the second-order Doppler shift of the ions. This indicates that a frequency standard incorporating an elongated rf ion trap can achieve greater precision than one based on the currently favored circular rf or Paul trap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349355
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of the physics and chemistry of thermal plasma waste destruction : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2565-2571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The application of thermochemical modeling, chemical kinetic modeling, and computational fluid dynamic modeling to waste destruction by thermal plasmas is considered. Destruction of liquid and gaseous wastes in the PLASCON™ waste destruction process is used as an example. It is demonstrated that thermochemical calculation of the mixing temperature is a useful tool to predict the level to which wastes are destroyed; however, chemical kinetic calculations are necessary to investigate the formation of byproducts in the process. Computational fluid dynamic modeling is required to obtain temperature and flow fields in two dimensions. When combined with chemical kinetics, composition fields can also be obtained. These points are illustrated using the examples of chlorobenzene and chlorofluorocarbon destruction. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1345884
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined diffusion coefficients in equilibrium mixtures of dissociating gases (1993)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 99 (1993), S. 1340-1343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that diffusion due to concentration and temperature gradients in a mixture of two nonreacting homonuclear gases consisting of arbitrarily many species in chemical equilibrium may be described by one ordinary and one thermal diffusion coefficient. These coefficients replace the 1/2q(q−1) independent ordinary diffusion coefficients and the q−1 independent thermal diffusion coefficients required in previous treatments to describe diffusion in a q-species gas mixture. A sample calculation for a mixture of dissociating nitrogen and oxygen is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.465378
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modified Fowler–Milne method for the spectroscopic measurement of temperature and composition of multielement thermal plasmas (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 65 (1994), S. 3423-3427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A technique is presented by which the Fowler–Milne spectroscopic method can be applied to thermal plasmas containing two or more atomic elements. The technique requires the measurement of the emission coefficient for an atomic transition of each element. These values are normalized to the maximum emission coefficient for each transition in the respective single-element plasmas. Neither calibration of the sensitivity of the apparatus nor knowledge of atomic transition probabilities is required. The technique allows the relative concentration of the elements to be derived significantly more precisely than other spectroscopic methods. The technique is applied to the measurement of the radial profiles of temperature and composition of free-burning arcs in mixtures of argon and nitrogen. Significant demixing is observed, with the direction of the demixing depending on the relative concentrations of argon and nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144516
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-scattering measurement of temperature profiles of a free-burning arc (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 1304-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method of determining the temperature of a thermal plasma by laser scattering, without frequency resolution of the scattered signal, is introduced. The method gives valid measurements of the gas temperature across the complete diameter of a free-burning argon arc, even in regions in which local thermodynamic equilibrium does not exist. The results show that the maximum temperature in a 100 A arc, with a 60° conical thoriated-tungsten cathode, is over 18 000 K, in agreement with our previous spectroscopic measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.107324
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Destruction of ozone-depleting substances in a thermal plasma reactor (1998)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 73 (1998), S. 459-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A two-dimensional numerical model of the PLASCON™ plasma reactor is used to investigate the destruction of ozone-depleting substances in the reactor. The model includes electromagnetic, fluid dynamic and chemical kinetic phenomena. Calculated temperature, flow and species concentration fields within the plasma torch, the injection manifold and the reaction tube are presented for the case of the destruction of CFC-12 (CF2Cl2). Conversion of CFC-12 to CFC-13 (CF3Cl), a more stable ozone-depleting substance, is found to occur in the region close to the injection manifold, and to be unaffected by reaction tube geometry. CFC-13 is predicted to be the dominant ozone-depleting substance in the exhaust gas. The predictions of the model are found to be in good agreement with measurements of the exhaust gas composition. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.121899
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of demixing on the properties of a free-burning arc (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 328-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Demixing in an atmospheric-pressure free-burning welding arc was investigated using a two-dimensional numerical model. Simulations of arcs in argon–nitrogen and argon–helium mixtures demonstrated that demixing can have a major influence on the composition of the arc in both the central and edge regions. Convection suppressed the change in composition in the central 0.5 mm of the argon–nitrogen arc only. Furthermore, demixing was found to have only a relatively minor effect on temperature and axial velocity, but it significantly altered thermal transport in the argon–nitrogen mixture. It is concluded that demixing can be important in both chemical and thermal applications of mixed-gas arcs. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.118049
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport coefficients of argon, nitrogen, oxygen, argon-nitrogen, and argon-oxygen plasmas (1994)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 14 (1994), S. 451-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman Enskog method ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01570207
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport coefficients of air, argon-air, nitrogen-air, and oxygen-air plasmas (1995)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 15 (1995), S. 279-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: Transport coefficients ; transport properties ; viscosity ; thermal conductivity ; electrical conductivity ; diffusion coefficient ; Chapman-Etskog method ; air ; argon ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; plasma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of air and mixtures of air and argon, air and nitrogen, and air and oxygen at high temperatures are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. The calculations, which assione local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed for atmospheric pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30,000 K. The results for air plasmas are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies. Significant discrepancies are found with the other theoretical studies; these are attributed to differences in the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients. A number of the collision integrals used here are significantly more accurate than values used previously, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01459700
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