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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 52 (1965), S. 267-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 125 (1978), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In horseshoebats two-tone stimulation of inferior colliculus neurons with the first tone pulsed and fixed at the best excitatory frequency (BEF) and 10–30 dB above threshold, and a second continuous tone with variable frequency and intensity within the given range, led to a reduction of the response to the fixed tone in nearly all cases, i.e., inhibitory areas are widespread in inferior colliculus neurons. Furthermore, this two-tone stimulation disclosed, that best inhibitory frequencies (BIF) were often nearly the same as the BEF, with BIF-thresholds more frequently being below that one of BEF. In “filter”-neurons (i.e. neurons with BEF in the frequency range of the reference frequency (RF)) there was no inhibition discernable if the continuous tone was 500–4000 Hz below BEF and from individual RF to 3500 Hz below RF (Fig. 1). This gap of inhibition ranged from 78–83,5 kHz in all horseshoebats tested. The vicinity of this gap of inhibition to the BIF in the same neuron disclosed high frequency specifity of inhibitory influences. The frequency range, where this gap of inhibition occurred was moreover the same as that causing enhancement to second stimuli (Fig. 1 B), as well as that causing off-responses and showing non-monotonic spike count functions. Long lasting stimulus influences (aftereffects) were often noticed during experimentation with awake horseshoebats (Fig. 2). Long lasting inhibitory influences lasted on the average 250–500 ms after cessation of the stimulus appearing at frequencies within the inhibitory areas, whereas long lasting facilitation, lasting 250–500 ms, occurred only in the frequency range lacking inhibition (Fig. 1 B). A stimulus program simulating hearing of pure-tone components of the emitted sound and echo revealed further adaptations of auditory neurons to echolocation in flying horseshoebats (Figs. 3–5), extending results of two-tone stimulation with continuous tone: a) the off-response to the first tone (emitted sound) disappeared for frequencies of the second tone above RF, depending on time interval between both stimuli (Fig. 4 C); b) the enhancement to second tones, caused by frequencies where the gap of inhibition occurred, was confined to RF (Fig. 4 B), as well as a simultaneous threshold decrease of about 20 dB for second stimuli. Realisation of these neuronal adaptations and their significance in terms of active echolocation is discussed.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 55 (1965), S. 530-586 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The arthropod fauna in seaweed wrack was observed in four experimental series, each extending over one year. The different series were started in December 1961, June 1962, December 1962, and June 1963. On the whole 68000 specimens of the Diptera, 122000 of the Collembola, and 161000 of the Acari were found in 791 samples, taken at intervals of about fourteen days. Collembola and Diptera — with few exceptions —were exactly determined while mites could only be delt with statistically. The changes in the single ecological factors — such as temperature of air, rainfall, insolation, temperature and water content of the wrack, pH, salinity, and degree of decomposition — are described. By starting our experiments in different seasons we were able to show that the appearance of species is not exclusively connected with the successive changes in the condition of the wrack; but it is mainly due to the seasons. An unmistakable succession only exists for the large groups of “saprobiontics” and the “soil animals” on the whole. Several Fucus-filled baskets installed in the litoral of a basin were frequented on a larger scale by halobiontic Diptera (e.g. Fucellia intermedia) than baskets which were placed at a greater distance (110 m) from the shore of the “Jadebusen”. In the latter baskets more thalassoxenic saprobiontic Diptera (e.g. Syritta pipiens) were found. The temperature is of great ecological importance. Collembola reached their greatest abundance in winter. Adults tolerated temperatures of substratum to — 13° C. Experiments in our laboratory showed that several species which did not propagate at room temperature bred well at a temperature of + 10° C. Several larvae of flies even tolerated the temperatures of + 40° C occuring in the initial phase of decomposition. In the severe winter of 1962/63 the abundance of Diptera larvae was obviously diminished, compared with other years. The often short termed changes in the water content of the wrack did not show any obvious influence on the fauna. The behaviour of Hypogastrura viatica and Isotoma viridis (Collembola) was observed at different degrees of atmospheric humidity. Isotoma viridis forma riparia prefered a higher atmospheric humidity than forma principalis, what was to be expected as f. riparia lives in moister habitats. The pH did not directly influence the fauna. Salinity had a great ecological importance. In our experiments several baskets were regularly showered with freshwater every third day, while other baskets were wetted with saltwater. In the “freshwater-baskets” the NaCl-concentration sank below 2% after two months, whereas the salinity of the “saltwater-baskets” was eminently increased. The results, however, proofed that the halobiontic Diptera did not clearly prefer the “saltwater-baskets”. On the other hand various species of Diptera (e.g. Psychoda spp., Scatopse spp.) and all the Collembola had their greatest abundances in the “freshwater-baskets”. The degree of decomposition apparently was of lesser importance than the other ecological factors. In baskets, which were settled by the arthropods only after a six months' decomposition of the algae, the fauna was nearly the same as in those filled with fresh algae at the same time. Genuine “soil animals” were exclusively found ten to twelve months later than the series were started. Autecological facts of the species are given and completed by references. Only few synecological connections between different species were found (predator-prey-behaviour; phoresy). This, however, is not an evidence that biocoenoses do not exist at all.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In künstlichem Strandanwurf wurde während vier jeweils ein Jahr lang laufenden Versuchsserien die Arthropodenbesiedlung verfolgt. Jeweils zwei Serien begannen im Frühsommer und im Frühwinter. In 791 Terminproben (in zweiwöchigen Abständen) wurden 68000 Diptera, 122000 Collembola und 161000 Acari gesammelt. Die Collembolen und Dipteren konnten fast sämtlich bis zur Art bestimmt werden, während die Milben leider nur in ihrer Gesamtheit zahlenmäßig erfaßt werden konnten. Außer der faunistischen Bearbeitung werden die Veränderungen verschiedener Umweltfaktoren beschrieben: Lufttemperatur, Niederschlagsmenge, Sonnenscheindauer, Substrattemperatur, Wassergehalt des Anwurfmaterials, pH, NaCl-Gehalt und Zersetzungsgrad. Durch Versuchsbeginn in verschiedenen Jahreszeiten konnte gezeigt werden, daß die sich regelmäßig einstellenden Arten und Artenverbände im allgemeinen nicht von sukzessiv im Substrat ablaufenden Verände rungen abhängig sind, sondern daß hier in erster Linie jahreszeitliche Bindungen vorliegen. Eine eindeutige „Sukzession” bestoht jedoch insgesamt gesehen für die großen „Gruppen” der Saprobionten und der Bodentiere. Einige jeweils im Litoral des Hafenbeckens aufgestellte Versuchskörbe wurden in etwas stärkerem Maße von halobionten Dipteren (z. B. Fucellia intermedia) besiedelt als die 110 m vom Wasser entfernt stehenden Standardkörbe. Dafür waren in den wasserfernen Standardkörben die thalassoxenen Saprobionten (wie Syritta pipiens) häufiger. Die Temperatur hat eine große ökologische Bedeutung. Collembolen erreichten ihre größte Besiedlungsdichte stets in den Wintermonaten. Adulte Tiere ertrugen Werte bis — 13° C im Substrat. In Laborzuchten vermehrten sich mehrere Arten bei Zimmertemperatur nicht, dagegen gut bei + 10° C. Die Larven mehrerer Dipterenarten (Fucellia, Scatomyza u. a.) tolerierten die in einer Erhitzungsphase zu Beginn der Verrottung der Algen auftretenden Temperaturen von + 40° C. Im strengen Winter 1962/63 war die Anzahl besonders der Dipterenlarven deutlich geringer als in den anderen Wintern. Ein Einfluß der in den Versuchen oft kurzfristigen Schwankungen des Wassergehaltes wurde nicht beobachtet. Das Verhalten der Collembolen Hypogastrura viatica und Isotoma viridis in einer einfachen Feuchtigkeitsorgel wurde geprüft; dabei zeigte sich, daß bei der letzteren Art die Form riparia höhere Luftfeuchtigkeiten bevorzugt als die Form principalis. Dieser Befund entspricht der ökologischen Verbreitung beider Formen. Ein direkter Einfluß verschiedener pH-Werte wurde nicht nachgewiesen. Der Salzgehalt ist als ökologischer Faktor von großer Bedeutung. Parallelkörbe wurden mit See- und Regenwasser behandelt; im ersten Fall zeigte sich eine Erhöhung der NaCl-Werte, deren Ausmaß aber stark witterungsabhängig war, im zweiten Fall war das gesamte Salz schon nach zwei bis drei Monaten ausgewaschen. Eine deutliche Bevorzugung der Salzwasserkörbe war bei keiner Art, auch nicht bei den Halobionten, festzustellen. Dagegen bildeten z. B. die Psychoda- und Scatopse-Arten unter den Dipteren nur in den Regenwasserkörben dichte Populationen. Collembolen waren insgesamt in den Regenwasserkörben bedeutend häufiger. Die Bedeutung des Zersetzungsgrades für die tierische Besiedlung bleibt offenbar hinter der anderer Faktoren zurück. Zumindest war die Zusammensetzung der Fauna in einigen erst nach einem halben Jahr zur Besiedlung freigegebenen Körben nicht grundsätzlich anders als in den zu derselben Zeit neu aufgestellten Körben. Direkte Bodenformen traten stets erst gegen Ende der Versuchsserien auf. Autökologische Daten der auftretenden Arten werden mitgeteilt und durch Literaturangaben ergänzt. Synökologische Beziehungen zwischen verschiedenen Arten ließen sich nur in sehr beschränktem Umfang nachweisen (Räuber-Beute, Phoresie). Die Frage, ob damit ein Beweis gegen das Bestehen von Biocönosen erbracht ist, wird verneint.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 329 (1988), S. 728-731 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The adaptation of the manual standard method for the determination of phenols is described, e.g., condensation with 4-amino-antipyrine with subsequent oxidation and spectrophotometric detection. A FIA manifold for the automation of the phenol determination in the ranges 0.05–1.0 ppm and 1–15 ppm is presented. At a maximum injection frequency of 105/h the repeatability of consecutive injections is generally better than 1.5% r.s.d. resp. 1.0% r.s.d. By application of a new extraction module also the chloroform extraction step of the formed dye is automized. Compared to the direct FIA manifold a maximum sensitivity enhancement of 3.5 is obtained. The detection limit is 0.005 ppm phenol. In addition to the FIA methods a forced steam distillation procedure is described, which allows the distillation of phenols within 2–5 min.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 329 (1988), S. 685-687 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two variable volume injection valves, equipped with bypass loops, have been developed, primarily to circumvent problems with matrix effects in high sensitivity FIA. The application of a dual channel valve for simultaneous analysis, zone sampling and merging zones techniques is discussed. Examples for on-line dilutions up to several thousand-fold and the direct determination of calcium in Kjeldahl digests using the zone sampling approach and a study of the interference of ascorbic acid on the Griess reaction for nitrite are presented. The application of “chasing zones” techniques by coupling a simple single channel valve in a new way is proposed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The response of fluoride and cyanide selective electrodes has been investigated under steady-state and flow injection measuring conditions. Response time measurements indicate that at lower concentration levels of these ions the surface condition for both sensors is very critical; the choice of flow cell geometry, however, is of minor importance. An acetate buffer without CDTA is proposed for fluoride determinations because of better long term stability of response time of the fluoride ISE. Problems associated with the corrosion of the AgI-membrane when applied in a flow cell with wall-jet configuration are discussed.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-01-21
    Description: To address the uncertainty in outputs of numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, ensembles of forecasts are used. To obtain such an ensemble of forecasts the NWP model is run multiple times, each time with variations in the mathematical representations of the model and/or initial or boundary conditions. To correct for possible biases and dispersion errors in the ensemble, statistical postprocessing models are frequently employed. These statistical models yield full predictive probability distributions for a weather quantity of interest and thus allow for a more accurate representation of forecast uncertainty. This paper proposes to combine the state of the art Ensemble Model Output Statistics (EMOS) with an ensemble that is adjusted by an autoregressive (AR) process fitted to the respective error series by a spread-adjusted linear pool (SLP) in case of temperature forecasts. The basic ensemble modification technique we introduce may be used to simply adjust the ensemble itself as well as to obtain a full predictive distribution for the weather quantity. As demonstrated for temperature forecasts of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble, the proposed procedure gives rise to improved results upon the basic (local) EMOS method.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Weather prediction today is performed with numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. These are deterministic simulation models describing the dynamics of the atmosphere, and evolving the current conditions forward in time to obtain a prediction for future atmospheric states. To account for uncertainty in NWP models it has become common practice to employ ensembles of NWP forecasts. However, NWP ensembles often exhibit forecast biases and dispersion errors, thus require statistical postprocessing to improve reliability of the ensemble forecasts. This work proposes an extension of a recently developed postprocessing model utilizing autoregressive information present in the forecast error of the raw ensemble members. The original approach is modified to let the variance parameter depend on the ensemble spread, yielding a two‐fold heteroscedastic model. Furthermore, an additional high‐resolution forecast is included into the postprocessing model, yielding improved predictive performance. Finally, it is outlined how the autoregressive model can be utilized to postprocess ensemble forecasts with higher forecast horizons, without the necessity of making fundamental changes to the original model. We accompany the new methodology by an implementation within the R package ensAR to make our method available for other researchers working in this area. To illustrate the performance of the heteroscedastic extension of the autoregressive model, and its use for higher forecast horizons we present a case study for a data set containing 12 years of temperature forecasts and observations over Germany. The case study indicates that the autoregressive model yields particularly strong improvements for forecast horizons beyond 24 hours. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley
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