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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time evolution of ion energy distributions and optical emission in pulsed inductively coupled radio frequency plasmas (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 88 (2000), S. 4510-4517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: This article reports the results of time-resolved measurements of ion energy distributions (IEDs), relative ion densities, as well as optical emissions and electrical characteristics in pulsed inductively coupled plasmas for the simple gas mixture of oxygen and argon (50%Ar:50%O2). The peak radio frequency power, frequency, repetition rate, and duty cycle were 200 W, 13.56 MHz, 500 Hz, and 85%, respectively. Examination of the time evolution of the data over the pulse cycle indicates that when the plasma is energized, it begins in the dim (E) mode undergoing at first slow changes in certain plasma parameters. After about 1.2 ms, a sudden transition to the bright (H) mode occurs. The characteristics of the IEDs are consistent with an average plasma potential profile that has (a) a relatively large collisionless sheath and narrow presheath during the dim mode and (b) a very narrow sheath and greatly extended presheath during the bright mode; the ion mean free path influences the peak position of the IED during the bright mode. For most of the pulse cycle, the relative abundances of the ions Ar+, O2+, and O+ maintain the relation %O2+≥%Ar+〉%O+.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1311827
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calculation of ion energy distributions from radio frequency plasmas using a simplified kinetic approach (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 3646-3653 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Using an elementary kinetic approach, a procedure is described for calculating ion energy distributions (IEDs) from radio frequency (rf) plasmas. The calculated distributions, which are in the form of histograms, are used to fit experimental argon and CF3+ IEDs measured in a Gaseous Electronics Conference rf reactor modified to operate in a pulsed inductively coupled mode. Given the average plasma potential profile and its time dependence, the calculation incorporates a number of parameters used in more comprehensive treatments of the problem to determine the shape of the IED. The reverse calculation that determines the average potential profile, given an experimental IED, cannot be uniquely done, but some insights may be gained in some cases if a sufficient number of plasma related parameters are known, e.g., the shape and amplitude of the rf modulation. The results of the calculation indicate that argon ions forming the IEDs during the bright (H) mode come nearly exclusively from a presheath region that extends far into the interior of the plasma. The calculations also suggest that the CF3+ ions forming the IEDs observed during the dim (E) mode may preferentially come from near the "edge" of the bulk plasma. Possible significances of this difference are noted. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372394
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved measurements of ion energy distributions and optical emissions in pulsed radio-frequency discharges (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 2114-2121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In pulse-modulated inductively coupled plasmas generated in CF4:Ar mixtures, a transition between a capacitive coupling mode (E mode) and an inductive coupling mode (H mode) was observed. For a pulsed plasma in a 50%CF4:50%Ar volume mixture with a peak rf power of 200 W at 13.56 MHz and a modulation frequency at 500 Hz with a duty cycle of 95%, the E→H mode transition occurs repetitively 0.75 ms after each rf pulse is applied. This long delay in the mode transition allows us to perform not only time-resolved measurements of optical emission and electrical characteristics but also time-resolved measurements of ion energy distributions at the grounded electrode. These measurements show that a relatively short rf off period can severely perturb the equilibrium plasma state and its recovery may take much longer than the rf off period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372148
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological, physical, and electrical parameters for in vitro studies with ELF magnetic and electric fields: A primer (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 14 (1993), S. 1-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; exposure parameters ; induced currents ; induced electric fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents material which is intended to assist researchers in identifying and controlling a range of biological, electrical, and other physical parameters that can affect the outcome of in vitro studies with extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic and electric fields. Brief descriptions of power line magnetic and electric fields are provided and methods for the generation of 60 Hz as well as other ELF fields in the laboratory are surveyed. Methods for calculating and measuring exposure parameters in culture medium are also described. Relating in vitro and internal in vivo exposure conditions across different animal species is discussed to aid researchers in selecting levels of field exposure. The text is purposely elementary, and sometimes brief, with references provided to aid the interested reader in obtaining a fuller understanding of the many topics. Because the range of experimental parameters that can influence the outcome of in vitro studies with ELF fields is so broad, a multidisciplinary approach is normally required to carry out the research. © 1993 Wiley-Liss. Inc.
    Additional Material: 30 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250140703
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distributions of measurement errors for single-axis magnetic field meters during measurements near appliances (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 273-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: coil probe ; dipole field ; magnetic field ; measurement uncertainty ; power frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Comparisons are made between the average magnetic flux density as it would be measured with a single-axis coil probe and the flux density at the center of the probe, assuming that the probe is oriented to measure the maximum field at that point. Probability distributions of the differences between the two quantities are calculated assuming a dipole magnetic field and are found to be asymmetric. The distributions are used to estimate the uncertainty for maximum magnetic field measurements at distances that are large compared with the dimensions of the field source. Bioelectromagnetics 18:273-276, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calibration of flat 60-Hz electric field probes (1984)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 5 (1984), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calibration ; electric field ; ELF ; instrumentation ; measurement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of nearby ground planes, perturbation of surface charge distributions, and fringing fields on the electric field between parallel plates are characterized to define a parallel plate system that can be used to calibrate flat 60-Hz electric field probes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250050410
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro exposure parameters with linearly and circularly polarized elf magnetic fields (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 12 (1991), S. 377-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; current density ; electric field ; exposure system ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made of induced current densities, electric fields, and rates of energy deposition during in vitro studies with linearly and circularly polarized, extremely low frequency magnetic fields for a cylindrical volume of culture medium.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250120606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal experimental design for in vitro studies with ELF magnetic fields (1990)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 11 (1990), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dosimetry ; exposure system ; induced current ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An experimental arrangement is described that maximizes the dosimetric information that can be obtained during in vitro studies with ELF magnetic fields. The arrangement enables researchers to distinguish between a purely magnetic-field effect and one that also involves the electric fields and currents induced by the magnetic field.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250110306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vertical circularly polarized ELF magnetic fields and induced electric fields in culture mediaThis article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 18 (1997), S. 524-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: exposure parameters ; in vitro ; power frequency ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Some properties of induced electric fields in cell culture media produced by vertical circularly polarized magnetic fields are examined. The described geometry is not advantageous for determining effects that may be attributable to induced electric fields or currents. Bioelectromagnetics 18:524-526, 1997. Published 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
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    Functional Reconstitution of Protein Ion Channels into Planar Polymerizable Phospholipid Membranes (2005)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1530-6984
    Electronic ISSN: 1530-6992
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society
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