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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic control of fertilizer in highly productive pastoral systems. I. A theoretical framework for the fertilization problem (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: hypothetical Mitscherlich-Liebig model ; nonsubstitution of nutrients ; osmotic depression ; phosphatic and potassic fertilizers ; pro-bayesian estimates ; production function analysis ; quantitative physiological equivalence ; relative yield theory ; soybeans in Brazil ; yield-plateau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A hypothetical model, based on plant physiology and termed ‘Mitscherlich-Liebig’, is proposed as a general solution to the problem of estimating an optimum fertilizer rate from results in a field trial; in combining the ideas of Liebig and Mitscherlich the model involves the following proposals: (1) Diminishing returns in a smooth exponential relation between input and output culminating in a yield-plateau. (2) The difference between this plateau and the ideal asymptotic maximum is the result of an unavoidable osmotic depression caused by salts in the root zone. (3) Liebigian nonsubstitution of one essential elemental nutrient by another. (4) Quantitative equivalence in output from essential inputs when each is expressed in terms of a physiologically standardized amount defined as a Baule unit. (5) Pooling response data according to a relative yield theory and the Baule unit concept, rather than grouping data according to a soil type theory and the concept of a response curve unique for the element concerned. In addition to certain other biometrical implications, these concepts provide an explicit method for estimating the composition of a balanced fertilizer mixture, whereby a profit maximising calculation may be applied through the ratio: cost of applied fertilizer/price of harvested yield. This approach to the problem permits a formulation of fertilizer advice theoretically sound in plant physiology as well as economics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054004
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic control of fertilizer in highly productive pastoral systems. III. A hypothetical model to quantify upgrading from a primitive into a highly productive state (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 331-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: advice ; analysis ; bias-error ; chemical ; economic ; empirical ; extention ; fertilizer ; foliar ; hypothetical ; model ; nutrition ; pastoral ; physiology ; upgrading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model suitable for quantifying the upgrading of primitive pasture by phosphatic fertilizer is described; the model, based on the Mitscherlich-Spillman equation, provides a criterion for judging when upgrading is complete. Such information is essential to permit a successful experimental attack on the problem of providing fertilizer-advice for highly productive systems where the nutritional requirements both of pasture plants and grazing animals have to be satisfied. The advice must therefore have a sound basis in physiology as well as in economics; but, the generally accepted modern approach cannot be integrated into a logically consistent and practically possible solution to this complex problem. Consequently, the present proposals involve a number of innovations to replace inadequate concepts in the current approach; the most important of these are as follows. (1) Replacement of the economic theory of isoquantal substitution by production function analysis of long term average response by pasture to a complete (physiologically balanced) mixture of fertilizers. (2) Use of a hypothetical model justified by biological theory rather than an empirical model justified by a least squares-best fit criterion. (3) Replacement of multilevel factorial field experiments by simple 3-level trials representatively dispersed over the whole of the commercially productive area and carried on for a decade. (4) Exclusion of grazing animals from the main phase of a simple trial, but with their heterotrophic cycling of nutrients effectively simulated by a modified experimental technique. (5) Systematic use of foliar chemical analysis, which in one way or another is essential to supplement each of the first 4 innovations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054006
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic control of fertiliser in highly productive pastoral systems. V. Extending advice through the Mitscherlich-Liebig model (1984)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 77-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Average year ; calibrating soil tests ; common response curve ; complete fertilizer ; extended economic advice ; input-output balance sheets ; Mitscherlich-Liebig model ; physiological units ; plateau-maximum ; relative yields ; simplified field trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A general solution is proposed to the problem of extending economic fertilizer advice over a highly productive pastoral area. The scheme implies a subdivision of the area through objective information obtained from widely dispersed, long-term, 3 level field trials; within sub-areas advice appropriate to a particular farm, or part thereof, is specified by incorporating more or less subjective estimates concerning level of output from the current input of fertilizer and carry-over of fertility in the field from one year to the next. The mathematical model used to facilitate an economic evaluation has been termed ML because it combines two cardinal principles: Mitscherlich's Law of Diminishing Returns and Liebig's Law of the Minimum, and is thus in accord with both economic and physiological theory. The model has been used to assess the effectiveness of chemical soil testing as a means of estimating carryover of fertility and to study the sensitivity of economic advice to error in the vital ratio: cost of input/selling price of output. The concept of a common response curve for essential elements has been developed as a basis for calculating the composition of a complete physiologically balanced fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049493
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sodium iodide on growth and chemical composition of lucerne and ryegrass (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 25-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: iodine ; lucerne ; ryegrass ; growth ; chemical composition ; nutrient-solutions ; ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen ; acidity ; volatilization ; fertilizers ; grazing animals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of lucerne was inhibited by sodium iodide even more than that of ryegrass above a concentration equivalent to 1µg cm−3 of iodine in an applied solution. In sand-culture the extent to which the iodide depressed yield of dry matter depended on the type of nutrient-solution used to stimulate and maintain vigorous growth. In contrast, where the plants were grown in soil the depression was independent of the nutrient-solution used. This difference between solutions is a reflection of the extent to which growing plants can modify pH in the root-zone of a sandy unbuffered substrate and leads to a conclusion that acidity greatly enhances the toxic effect of the iodine. There are reasons for believing that in sunlight iodine may be lost by volatilization even from living plant-tissue. The implication of these findings is discussed in relation to using either iodized fertilizers or iodized salt-blocks in order to maintain iodine in pastoral systems at levels satisfactory for animal-health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063407
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of aluminium in the presence of phosphate and lime on growth and chemical composition of ryegrass and lucerne (1982)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 3 (1982), S. 353-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; chemical composition ; lime ; lucerne ; nodulation ; nutrient-uptake ; phosphate ; ryegrass ; shoot/root ratios ; soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The proposition that difficulty in establishing pasture in an allophanic soil was caused by aluminium toxicity was examined in a pot trial using ryegrass and lucerne as test plants. Ionic aluminium was added to the soil in the presence and absence of both phosphate and limestone, and its effects on yield and chemical composition of the plants, and on nodulation of lucerne roots, were recorded. Aluminium accumulated in the roots of the plants, in amounts similar to those found for calcium, without depressing yield very much; in fact the small depression which occurred seemed less associated with aluminium than with an accompanying increase in soil acidity. Since ions of aluminium are very toxic where they penetrate living cells, it seems that these plants have an in-built resistance whereby the element is immobilized outside the cell, probably in cell walls and as insoluble phosphates and hydroxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048939
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic control of fertilizer in highly productive pastoral systems. II. Designing field trials with physiologically balanced fertilizer through subtractive pot experiments (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 315-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Analysis ; advice ; chemical ; economic ; elements ; essential ; factorial ; fertilizer ; foliar ; nutrition ; pastoral ; physiology ; pot ; subtractive ; superphosphate ; trial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Deficiencies in essential chemical elements were diagnosed for two soils in a pot trial, using a subtractive technique and two different test plants: perennial ryegrass for ‘major’ elements and white clover for ‘minor’ elements. This information was required in a pastoral area to permit field trials to be designed with a suitably fortified superphosphate as the fertilizer input. The trials themselves are wanted to provide economic advice soundly based in relation to nutritional needs of pasture plants and grazing animals. Accordingly, a complex argument has been developed to justify using simple 3-level trials with physiologically balanced fertilizer instead of conventional multilevel factorial types; also to show how the simple trials should be designed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054005
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Economic control of fertilizer in highly productive pastoral systems. IV. An appropriate model for a stable upgraded state (1983)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 4 (1983), S. 347-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Average year concept ; exponential models ; fertilizer economics ; Mitscherlich relative yield theory ; production function analysis ; upgraded pastoral systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data from a stable upgraded grass-clover system were used to show that an exponential model, based on the ideas of Liebig and Mitscherlich, may be simplified to permit a prediction of yields over years through three constant parameters for the fertilizer effect and one varying parameter for the climatic effect; this result is in accord with the Mitscherlich relative yield theory. When the model was applied to an economic analysis of the data, the result emphasized the importance of the concept of an average year in calculating fertilizer recommendations; also, it became apparent that completely unfertilized plots should be excluded from field trials intended as a base for such economic advice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054007
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  • 8
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    Effect of sodium iodide on growth and chemical composition of lucerne and ryegrass (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1385-1314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0867
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    Economic control of fertiliser in highly productive pastoral systems. V. Extending advice through the Mitscherlich-Liebig model (1984)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1385-1314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0867
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Effect of aluminium in the presence of phosphate and lime on growth and chemical composition of ryegrass and lucerne (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1385-1314
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-0867
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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