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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Maps and the internet (2003)
    Amsterdam [u.a.] : Elsevier
    Details Availability
    Call number: 1.10/M 04.0016
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xvi, 451 S. + 1 CD-ROM
    ISBN: 0080442013
    Classification:
    Cartography, Geographical Information Systems, GIS
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
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    Research Applications for the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) Operational Lightning Flash Data Product (2019)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The Lightning Cluster Filter Algorithm (LCFA) in the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) ground system identifies lightning flashes from the stream of event detections. It excels at clustering simple flashes, but experiences anomalies with complex flashes that last longer than 3 s or contain more than 100 groups, leading to flashes being artificially split. We develop a technique that corrects these anomalies and apply it to the 2018 GLM data to document all lightning across the Americas. We produce statistics describing the characteristics and frequencies of “reclustered” GLM flashes as well as thunderstorm “area” features. The average GLM Americas flash rate in 2018 was 11.7 flashes s‐1 with the greatest flash rate densities occurring over Lake Maracaibo (157 flashes km‐2 year‐1). Lloró, Chocó, Colombia had the most thunderstorm activity with 256 thunder days. The longest GLM flash spanned 673 km, the largest flash covered 114,997 km2, and the longest‐lasting flash had a 13.496 s duration. The first case occurred over Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, while the other two cases occurred in the central United States. All three extreme flashes are located in the stratiform regions of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs). The highest flash rate for a thunderstorm area feature was 17.6 flashes s‐1 while the largest thunderstorm was 216,865 km2 in size. Both storms occurred in South America. These initial results demonstrate the value that the development of a reprocessed GLM “science” product would offer and how such a product might be created at a reduced computational cost.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Global statistics of lightning in anvil and stratiform regions over the tropics and subtropics observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-03
    Description: The statistics of lighting in the anvil and stratiform regions of convective systems are summarized from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite observations from 1998 to 2009. The locations of lightning flashes in convective systems are determined by combining three-dimensional precipitation radar (PR) observations with lightning flash center locations from lightning imaging sensor observations. The geographical distributions of flashes in the anvil and stratiform regions of thunderstorms over the tropics and subtropics are presented. Flashes in stratiform regions are found to account for 5.6% of all lightning flashes observed within the TRMM PR swath, while flashes in nonraining anvil regions made up another 5.5% of the sample. Diurnally, flashes in anvil regions peak earlier than flashes in stratiform regions (15:30 LT as opposed to 17:30 LT). Seasonal and regional variations of these flashes are discussed. Features in PR observations that likely contribute to charge separation are identified as contiguous areas with 6 km echoes exceeding 30 dbZ. Lightning flashes are then assigned to one of these features by the nearest neighbor method. Convective properties of features linked with lightning in stratiform and nonraining anvil regions are then analyzed. We find that features associated with lightning flashes in anvil regions are relatively weak and occur in small systems composed of a single convective region, while flashes in the stratiform regions are also relatively weak but more likely occur in multicell systems. About 15% of features with lightning are associated with at least one stratiform or anvil flash.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 4
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    A TRMM/GPM Retrieval of the Total Mean Generator Current for the Global Electric Circuit (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-09-09
    Description: A specialized satellite version of the passive microwave electric field retrieval algorithm (Peterson et al., 2015) is applied to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites to estimate the generator current for the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) and compute its temporal variability. By integrating retrieved Wilson currents from electrified clouds across the globe, we estimate a total mean current of between 1.4 kA (assuming the 7% fraction of electrified clouds producing downward currents measured by the ER-2 is representative) to 1.6 kA (assuming all electrified clouds contribute to the GEC). These current estimates come from all types of convective weather without preference, including Electrified Shower Clouds (ESCs). The diurnal distribution of the retrieved generator current is in excellent agreement with the Carnegie curve (RMS difference: 1.7%). The temporal variability of the total mean generator current ranges from 110% on semi-annual timescales (29% on an annual timescale) to 7.5% on decadal timescales with notable responses to the Madden-Julian Oscillation and El Nino Southern Oscillation. The geographical distribution of current includes significant contributions from oceanic regions in addition to the land-based tropical chimneys. The relative importance of the Americas and Asia chimneys compared to Africa is consistent with the best modern ground-based observations and further highlights the importance of ESCs for the GEC.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    The Properties of Optical Lightning Flashes and the Clouds They Illuminate (2016)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2016-11-01
    Description: Optical lightning sensors like the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) measure total lightning across large swaths of the globe with high detection efficiency. With two upcoming missions that employ these sensors – LIS on the International Space Station (ISS-LIS) and the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on the GOES-R satellite – there has been increased interest in what these measurements can reveal about lightning and thunderstorms in addition to total flash activity. Optical lightning imagers are capable of observing the characteristics of individual flashes that include their sizes, durations, and radiative energies. However, it is important to exercise caution when interpreting trends in optical flash measurements because they can be affected by the scene. This study uses coincident measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite to examine the properties of LIS flashes and the surrounding cloud regions they illuminate. These combined measurements are used to assess to what extent optical flash characteristics can be used to make inferences about flash structure and energetics. Clouds illuminated by lightning over land and ocean regions that are otherwise similar based on TRMM measurements are identified. Even when LIS flashes occur in similar clouds and background radiances, oceanic flashes are still shown to be larger, brighter, longer lasting, more prone to horizontal propagation and to contain more groups than their land-based counterparts. This suggests that the optical trends noted in literature are not entirely the result of radiative transfer effects, but rather stem from physical differences in the flashes.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Parameterizing Total Storm Conduction Currents in the Community Earth System Model (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-03
    Description: Electrified clouds are known to play a major role in the Global Electric Circuit. These clouds produce upward currents which maintain the potential difference between earth's surface and the upper atmosphere. In this study, model output from two simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are compared with conduction currents and other data derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, including both the lightning imaging sensor (LIS) and precipitation radar (PR). The intention is to determine CESM's skill at representing these microphysical and dynamical properties of clouds. Then, these cloud properties are used to develop a model parameterization to compute conduction currents from electrified clouds. Specifically, we evaluate the ability of global mean convective mass flux, ice water path and convective precipitation to represent conduction current sources. Parameterizations using these variables yield derived global mean currents that agree well with the geographical patterns of TRMM currents. In addition, comparing the diurnal variations of modeled global mean current to the observed diurnal variations of electric potential gradient, root mean square (RMS) errors range between 6.5% and 8.1%, but the maximum occurs 4 to 6 hours early in all three variables. Output currents derived from the model variables generally match well to the currents derived from TRMM, and the total global current estimates agree well with past studies. This suggests that cloud parameters are well suited for representing the global distribution and strength of currents in a global model framework.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Characteristics of lightning flashes with exceptional illuminated areas, durations, and optical powers and surrounding storm properties in the tropics and inner subtropics (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-13
    Description: [1]  Twelve years (1998-2009) of Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) observations are used to characterize lightning flashes by illuminated area, duration, and optical power, particularly for exceptional flashes defined as those above the 90th percentile of each parameter. Statistics of lightning are summarized over land, ocean, and coastal regions of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite's domain extending from 36°S to 36°N. The degree to which optical flash parameters are inter-related is discussed, as well as coincident environmental properties and the overall characteristics of parent thunderstorms. LIS flashes over the southern United States are also collocated to National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) observations and relationships between LIS optical flash properties and corresponding NLDN strengths are discussed. Daytime (nighttime) oceanic flashes are shown to be 31.7% (39.4%) larger and 55.2% (75.1%) brighter in terms of maximum event pixel radiance. At the same time, daytime (nighttime) coastal flashes have 22.1% (7.8%) longer durations than flashes over land and 15.6% (11.4%) longer durations than oceanic flashes. Particularly large and bright flashes observed by LIS are typically centered in weak storm regions, but thunderstorms with exceptional flashes are, themselves, more intense overall than those with only small and dim flashes. Diurnally, the top 10% brightest lightning flashes peak about two hours earlier than the top 10% largest and long lasting flashes over land, implying that lightning flash characteristics vary with the life cycle of thunderstorms. Larger and more radiant flashes are also shown to be associated with stronger NLDN flashes of positive and negative polarity.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    IJERPH, Vol. 12, Pages 8542-8605: Potential Occupational Exposures and Health Risks Associated with Biomass-Based Power Generation (2015)
    MDPI Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-23
    Description: Biomass is increasingly being used for power generation; however, assessment of potential occupational health and safety (OH&S) concerns related to usage of biomass fuels in combustion-based generation remains limited. We reviewed the available literature on known and potential OH&S issues associated with biomass-based fuel usage for electricity generation at the utility scale. We considered three potential exposure scenarios—pre-combustion exposure to material associated with the fuel, exposure to combustion products, and post-combustion exposure to ash and residues. Testing of dust, fungal and bacterial levels at two power stations was also undertaken. Results indicated that dust concentrations within biomass plants can be extremely variable, with peak levels in some areas exceeding occupational exposure limits for wood dust and general inhalable dust. Fungal spore types, identified as common environmental species, were higher than in outdoor air. Our review suggests that pre-combustion risks, including bioaerosols and biogenic organics, should be considered further. Combustion and post-combustion risks appear similar to current fossil-based combustion. In light of limited available information, additional studies at power plants utilizing a variety of technologies and biomass fuels are recommended.
    Print ISSN: 1661-7827
    Electronic ISSN: 1660-4601
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by MDPI Publishing
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  • 9
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    The Evolution and Structure of Extreme Optical Lightning Flashes (2017)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-13
    Description: This study documents the composition, morphology, and motion of extreme optical lightning flashes observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The furthest separation of LIS events (groups) in any flash is 135 km (89 km), the flash with the largest footprint had an illuminated area of 10,604 km 2 , and the most dendritic flash has 234 visible branches. The longest duration convective LIS flash lasted 28 s, and is over-grouped and not physical. The longest duration convective-to-stratiform propagating flash lasted 7.4 s while the longest duration entirely stratiform flash lasted 4.3 s. The longest series of nearly-consecutive groups in time lasted 242 ms. The most radiant recorded LIS group (i.e., “superbolt”) is 735x more radiant than the average group. Factors that impact these optical measures of flash morphology and evolution are discussed. While it is apparent that LIS can record the horizontal development of the lightning channel in some cases, radiative transfer within the cloud limits the flash extent and level of detail measured from orbit. These analyses nonetheless suggest that lightning imagers such as LIS and GLM can complement ground-based lightning locating systems for studying physical lightning phenomena across large geospatial domains.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Using Lightning Flashes to Image Thunderclouds (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: Abstract The optical energy emitted by lightning flashes interacts with the surrounding cloud medium through scattering and absorption. The optical signals recorded by space‐based lightning imagers describe a convolution of lightning flash energetics and radiative transfer effects in the intervening cloud layer. A thundercloud imaging technique is presented that characterizes cloud regions based on how they are illuminated by lightning. This technique models the spatial distribution of optical energy in radiant lightning pulses to determine whether and to what extent each illuminated cloud pixel behaves like a homogeneous planar cloud layer. A gridded product is constructed that differentiates flashes that illuminate convective cells from stratiform flashes with long horizontal channels and anvil flashes whose optical emissions reflect off of nearby cloud surfaces. Producing this imagery with a rolling 15‐min window allows us to visualize changes in convection with a rapid (20 s) update cycle.
    Print ISSN: 2169-897X
    Electronic ISSN: 2169-8996
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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