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  • 1
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Protein quality ; endogenous imbalance ; 15N ; natural abundance ; isotope discrimination ; Proteinqualität ; endogene Imbalanz ; 15N ; natürliche Häufigkeit ; Isotopendiskriminierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen Harnstoff und Plasmaprotein besteht ein natürlicher Unterschied der15N-Häufigkeit von bis zu 10‰. Die Ursache hierfür ist der verzweigte Stickstoff-Metabolismus in der Leber. Ein Hauptzweig ist die Proteinsynthese, im zweiten Hauptzweig wird der Aminostickstoff zur Harnstoff-Synthese verwendet.15N der Vorläuferaminosäuren wird hierbei, abhängig von den Umsatzraten, im Harnstoff abgereichert und im Protein angereichert. Unter Hinzuziehung der15N-Häufigkeit der Vorläuferaminosäuren, die sich aus Jejunum-Gewebe bestimmen läßt, kann aus der Isotopendiskriminierung in den beiden Stoffwechselzweigen die Utilisierung der Aminosäuren in der Leber berechnet werden. Dies wurde an Ratten nach Fütterung mit verschiedenen Proteinen untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß bei Verzehr von hochwertigen Proteinen die Utilisierung der Aminosäuren im Stoffwechsel der Leber bei bedarfsgerechter Fütterung besser war (Molkenprotein: 〉85%) als bei Proteinkarenz (70%). Das bedeutet, daß das Muster der aus dem metabolischen Pool verfügbaren Aminosäuren bei Proteinkarenz eine Imbalanz aufweist. Durch exogene Aminosäuren aus der Nahrung kann diese endogene Imbalanz offenbar komplementierend ausgeglichen werden, so daß die Stickstoffausscheidung bei nicht bedarfsüberschreitendem Verzehr sogar unter den Werten der sogenannten „obligaten“ oxidativen Verluste liegen kann. Die Qualität von Nahrungsproteinen spiegelt sich also nicht nur in den N-Bilanzen wider. Sie wird auch durch Bestimmung der Utilisierung der Aminosäuren im Stoffwechsel der Leber mit Hilfe der Analyse der Isotopendiskriminierung quantifizierbar. Zusätzlich wird mit dieser Methode eine Aussage über die Qualität des Musters der metabolisch verfügbaren Aminosäuren gewonnen.
    Notes: Summary Urea and plasma protein differ in natural15N abundance up to 10‰ The origin of this difference is the branched nitrogen metabolism in the liver. One main branch is the protein synthesis pathway, the other the urea synthesis pathway. By this branching15N of precursor amino acids is depleted in urea while it is enriched in protein. With the15N abundance of precursor amino acids, which may be taken from jejunum tissue, utilization of amino acids in liver metabolism can be calculated from isotope discrimination in either pathway. This was investigated by feeding different proteins to rats. When feeding high quality protein (whey protein) utilization of amino acids in liver metabolism at requirement intake was better than at zero protein intake (〉85% vs. 70%). From this we conclude that the pattern of amino acids available from the metabolic pool at zero protein intake is characterized by an imbalance. This endogenous imbalance can be complemented by exogenous dietary amino acids so that nitrogen excretion may even be smaller than the so-called „obligatory“ losses of intakes not exceeding requirement. Thus, the quality of dietary protein is reflected not only by N balance. It also may be quantified by analysis of isotope discrimination in nitrogen metabolism of the liver. In addition, the quality of amino acid pattern available from the metabolic pool is indicated by this method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1997-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0044-264X
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-1293
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1978-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-10-01
    Print ISSN: 1365-1609
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4545
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Numerical simulation of reactive transport was validated in a core flooding experiment simulating conditions in a managed geothermal reservoir. Permeability was measured along a sandstone core prepared with anhydrite and subjected to a temperature gradient. Anhydrite was dissolved and precipitated in the cold upstream and hot downstream regions of the core, respectively. The numerical code SHEMAT was used to simulate coupled transport and chemical reactions at the temperature front. It comprises an extended version of the geochemical speciation code PHRQPITZ for calculating chemical reactions in brines of low-high ionic strength and temperatures of 0-150 °C. Permeability is updated to porosity via a novel, calibrated power-law based on a fractal pore-space model resulting in a large exponent of 11.3. Simulation results agree well with measured permeability. This both validates the model and demonstrates that the fractal relationship is crucial for a successful simulation of this type of reactive transport.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 6
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    In:  Numerical simulation of reactive flow in hot aquifers - SHEMAT and Processing SHEMAT
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Anhydrite cementation in hydrothermal reservoirs can decrease porosity and permeability significantly. In these cases, the amount of hot water produced by hydrothermal heat mining installations is far too low for an economical use of the resource. We study two such cases in the North German sedimentary basin where a secondary anhydrite cementation drastically reduced the original high permeability of a Rhaetian sandstone reservoir. Core-flooding experiments under reservoir conditions indicate that in contrast to the instant dissolution of anhydrite in saline reservoirs, the nucleation probability of anhydrite and the speed of epitaxy oil anhydrite crystals (10 s(-1) m(-3) and 5 x 10(-12) m(4) mol(-1) s(-1), respectively) are very low. We performed numerical simulations of reactive flow oil the local and regional scale in order to understand the apparent conflict between constricted nucleation, observed ill laboratory experiments, and a complete filling of the pore space by anhydrite cementation found in core samples from boreholes at Neuruppin and Allermohe. A highly resolved cylindrical reservoir model was used to simulate a chemical stimulation of the Allermohe reservoir, i.e. the forced increase in porosity and permeability around the borehole in response to the injection of cold brines. Studying the dissolution process for different brine temperatures and salinities, we found that an injection of 5600 m(3) cold, highly saline brines will break through a cemented barrier of a radius of 5m around the borehole after 10 days of stimulation. An additional study of the combined effect of hydraulic fracturing and chemical Stimulation showed that both types of borehole stimulation increase the permeability by approximately the same amount if dissolution can act directly on the fracture walls. On the reservoir scale, numerical simulations indicate that strata-bound convective flow in the Rhaetian reservoir, driven by temperature differences due to the topography of the aquifer, is insufficient to explain the observed high degree of cementation. However, it can be shown that Ca2+ and SO42- dissolved in the reservoir brine are forced to precipitate around the fracture zone, if additional hot fluids flow up along faults, heat up the aquifer, and mix with the colder reservoir brine.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    In:  Carbon dioxide sequestration in geological media - State of the science | AAPG studies in geology ; 59
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Storage of carbon dioxide by precipitation of carbon-bearing minerals in geological formations is, on the long run, more stable and therefore much safer than direct storage or solution trapping. Among available options for CO2 sequestration those are particularly attractive which offer additional economic benefits apart from the primary positive effect for the atmosphere (e.g. enhanced gas or oil recovery), such as the novel approach of storing dissolved CO2 as calcite in managed geothermal aquifers. Hydrogeothermal energy in Germany is mainly provided from deep sandstone aquifers by a so called “doublet” installation consisting of one well for hot water production and one well for injection of the cooled water. When cold brines are enriched with CO2 and injected into an anhydrite bearing reservoir this mineral dissolves. As a result, the water becomes enriched in calcium ions. Numerical simulations demonstrate that dissolved Ca and CO2 react to form and precipitate calcium carbonate provided that alkaline buffering capacity is supplied from plagioclase in the reservoir rock or by surface water treatment with fly ashes. It is shown that anhydrite dissolution with concurrent pore space increase is important to balance pore space reduction by precipitation of calcite and secondary silicates. Laboratory experiments prove the feasibility of transforming anhydrite into calcite and provide necessary kinetic input data for the modelling. Suitable geothermal reservoirs exist, which contain sufficient anhydrite as matrix mineral and plagioclase for supplying alkalinity. Mass balance calculations performed with respect to the anhydrite and feldspar content show, that for an assumed operation time of 30 years, the theoretical storage capacity is significant: millions of tons of CO2 can be trapped as calcite in geological formations used by geothermal heating plants.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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