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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    A geochemical and mineralogical approach to environmental protection : earth and planetary sciences, Siena 25-31.10.1998 (2000)
    Siena : ISEPS
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK N 400-00-0407
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 248 p.
    ISSN: 1122-8830
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regional distribution of Al-silicates and metamorphic zonation in the low-grade Verrucano metasediments from the Northern Apennines, Italy (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 4 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Mineralogical and petrological studies of Triassic Verrucano metasediments of the Northern Apennines are reported. The widespread occurrence of Al-silicates allows the delineation of four metamorphic zones with increasing metamorphic grade: (1) kaolinite zone (well Perugia 2, Umbria); (2) kaolinite-pyro-phyllite zone (Monte Argentario and part of the Verrucano of the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and Monti Leoni); (3) pyrophyllite zone (Monti Pisani, Iano, Monti Leoni, the Monticiano-Roccastrada area and some wells in the Larderello region); (4) kyanite zone (Massa area and some wells in the Larderello area).The four metamorphic zones correspond to temperatures ranging from 300°C to about 450°C. On the basis of the Si content of muscovite and geological arguments, pressures of between 3 and 5 kbar are estimated. The metamorphic zones are located more or less parallel to the bent north-west-south-east trending structural zonation of the Northern Apennines, with the concave side towards the Tyhrrenian Sea.During the Alpine orogeny, the Verrucano metasediments underwent three folding phases each of which has produced an axial plane schistosity (S1, S2, S3). During the first folding phase the Verrucano sediments were buried increasingly deeply within the crust from east to west. The climax of Alpine metamorphism was attained prior to the second folding phase with crystallization of porphyroblasts of kyanite and chloritoid in a central area located between Massa and Larderello. The inferred paleo-temperature distribution pattern resembles an asymmetric thermal high defined by the kyanite zone, and surrounded by the pyrophyllite zone. A similar pattern is still present in the Tuscan crust, as indicated by a series of geothermal anomalies passing through the Northern Apennines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1986.tb00353.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence from Fe- and Al-rich metapelites for thrust loading in the Transangarian region of the Yenisey Ridge, eastern Siberia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 22 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: In the Transangarian region of the Yenisey Ridge in eastern Siberia (Russia), Fe- and Al-rich metapelitic schists of the Korda plate show field and petrological evidence of two superimposed metamorphic events. An early middle Proterozoic event with age of c.1100 Ma produced low-pressure, andalusite-bearing assemblages at c. 3.5–4 kbar and 540–560 °C. During a subsequent late Proterozoic event at c. 850 Ma, a medium-pressure, regional metamorphic overprint produced kyanite-bearing mineral assemblages that replaced minerals formed in the low-pressure event. Based on the results of geothermobarometry and P–T path calculations it can be shown that pressure increased from 4.5 to 6.7 kbar at a relatively constant temperature of 540–600 °C towards a major suture zone called the Panimba thrust. In order to produce such nearly isothermal loading of 1–7 °C km −1, we propose a model for the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the study area based on crustal thickening caused by south-westward thrusting of the 5–7 km-thick upper-plate metacarbonates over lower-plate metapelites with velocity of c. 350 m Myr−1. A small temperature increase (up to 20 ± 15 °C) of the upper part of the overlapped plate is explained by specific behaviour of steady-state geotherms calculated using lower radioactive heat production of metacarbonates as compared with metapelites. The suggested thermal-mechanical model corresponds well with P–T paths inferred from obtained thermobarometric data and correlates satisfactorily with P–T trajectories predicted by other two-dimensional thermal models for different crustal thickening and exhumation histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00546.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ca distribution between almandine-rich garnet and plagioclase in pelitic and psammitic schists from the metamorphic basement of North-Eastern Sardinia (1982)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 80 (1982), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Garnet and plagioclase pairs from fourteen selected samples, from garnet to sillimanite zones, collected along a NS traverse throughout the metamorphic basement of NE Sardinia, have been analyzed by microprobe. Beyond the garnet isograd, plagioclase has albitic composition and the garnet (a Ca-rich almandine) shows Ca/ Ca+Mg+Fe ratios of about 0.35–0.30, fairly constant from core to rim. Towards the North, still in the garnet zone, when on the large albitic core of plagioclase a thin and discontinuous oligoclasic rim (An22–An18) formed, we observe in the garnet edge an abrupt decrease of the Ca/Ca+Mg+Fe ratio (0.27–0.16). In the staurolite and sillimanite zones garnet does not show significant Ca-zoning and it is characterized by low Ca content (Ca/Ca+Mg+Fe〈0.1); the coexisting plagioclase has oligoclasic (An16–An27) composition. The chemical data and the microstructural evidence on growth time indicate that the garnet and plagioclase had a strong mutual interference in determining the relative Ca distribution. The most relevant reactions are discussed and, in particular, the antipathetical Ca-zoning, recorded by garnet and plagioclase in the garnet zone, is considered as the evidence of temperature increase during growth of the two minerals. It is also suggested that the sharp variation of Ca content at the garnet edge was controlled by the discontinuous nature of plagioclase solid solution in the “peristeritic” range. The order of appearance of garnet and oligoclase in the basement of NE Sardinia is also discussed in comparison with other well known metamorphic sequence (Vermont, New Zealand and Dalradian). It is concluded that the different order of appearance is controlled other than the different nature of the calcic phases in the lower grade zones also by the $$X_{CO_2 }$$ in the fluid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371358
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine-scale chlorite-muscovite association in low-grade metapelites from Nurra (NW Sardinia), and the possible misidentification of metamorphic vermiculite (1986)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 93 (1986), S. 137-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Chlorite-muscovite porphyroblasts occur in the low-grade metapelites from Nurra (NW Sardinia). Although actually heterogeneous and built up by two different intermixed minerals, the porphyroblasts strongly simulate optical homogeneity and produce microprobe analyses that are typical for metamorphic vermiculite. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy, combined with analytical facilities, leads to a deeper characterization of the porphyroblasts, that actually consist of a random association of chlorite and muscovite. As a further result, the present study also shows that the existing criteria used to identify metamorphic vermiculite, namely optical features and microprobe composition do not warrant the correct identification. Finally, the present results once more confirm the importance of back-scattered electron imaging in the SEM as a powerful tool for the routine petrographic study of sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371315
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sudoite, a rock-forming mineral in Verrucano of the Northern Apennines (Italy) and the sudoite-chloritoid-pyrophyllite assemblage in prograde metamorphism (1989)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 101 (1989), S. 274-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sudoite, the di-trioctahedral chlorite with ideal composition (Mg2Al)(Al2)(Si3Al)O10(OH)8 is a widespread rock-forming mineral in meta-siltstones and psammites of the Verrucano sequence of the Northern Apennines. Sub-ellipsoidal aggregates, probably derived from muscovite clasts, consisting of sudoite, pyrophyllite and muscovite, are common; sudoite may also occur as thin blades in the rock matrix. The co-existence of sudoite, Ferich chloritoid and pyrophyllite, reported here for the first time, has been observed in specimens from the M. Argentario and Monticiano-Roccastrada areas. This three-phase assemblage, diagnostic of a specific metamorphic facies, may be a tool for detailed zonation of low-grade terranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375312
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructures of intergrown phyllosilicate grains from Verrucano metasediments (northern Apennines, Italy) (1997)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 128 (1997), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Interleaved phyllosilicate grains (IPG) of various compositions are widespread in low-grade Verrucano metasediments of the northern Apennines (Italy). They are ellipsoidal or barrel shaped, up to 300–400 μm long and they are often kinked and folded; phyllosilicate packets occur as continuous lamellae or as wedge-shaped layers terminating inside the grain. Using electron microscopy techniques (SEM, TEM) six types of IPG have been distinguished on the basis of their mineralogical composition: (1) Chl+Ms ± Kln; (2) Chl+ Ms+Pg ± Kln; (3) Ms+Prl ± Pg; (4) Ms+Prl+Su; (5) Ms+Prl+Chl+Su; (6) Su+Ms. Types (1) and (2) are mainly composed of chlorite, with Ms and Pg as minor phases; Kln grows on Ms in highly weathered samples. Types (3), (4), (5), and (6) are composed of muscovite, with intergrown Prl, Chl, Su and new-formed muscovite. The IPG show all kinds of contacts: from coherent grain boundaries with parallel basal planes and along-layer transitions to low- and high-angle grain boundaries. The IPG formed on pristine minerals such as chlorite and muscovite. The transformations took place during the prograde and retrograde metamorphic path of the rocks: they were facilitated by deformation and they occurred in equilibrium with a fluid phase, which allowed cation diffusion. Prograde reactions [Chl = Ms (or Pg); Ms = Prl; Ms = Chl] involve dehydration and sometimes a decrease in volume, whereas retrograde reactions (Ms = Kln; Ms = Su) involve hydration and an increase in volume. These transformations do not simply occur through an interchange of cations, but often involve deep structural changes: transitions from one phyllosilicate to another generally proceed through dissolution-recrystallization reactions. In conclusion, Verrucano IPG represent microstructural sites which have not completely equilibrated with the whole rock and whose mineral assemblage depends on the original composition of the microstructural sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100050299
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-stage metamorphic re-equilibration in eclogitic rocks from the Hercynian basement of NE Sardinia (Italy) (1998)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 62 (1998), S. 167-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eklogitische Gesteine kommen in Gneisen und Migmatiten des hereynischen Basements in NE Sardinien vor. Sie sind durch einen modalen Zweitagenbau von einerseits Granat-Pyroxen andererseits Amphibol-Plagioklas charakterisiert. In ersteren sind Relikte einer strukturellen, mineralogischen und mineralchemischen Reequilibration unter eklogitfaziellen Bedingungen enthalten. Vier Entwicklungstadien sind unterscheidbar: ein Eklogit-, ein Granulit-, sowie ein retrogrades Amphibolit- und Grünschieferstadium. Ein mögliches prä(?)-eklogitisches Stadium ist durch die Einschlüsse von tschermakitischem Amphibol + Zoisit in Granatkernen angedeutet. Auf dieses Frühstadium folgte, dokumentiert durch Omphaziteinschlüsse im Granatrandbereich, Druckzunahme und es wurden eklogitfazielle Bedingungen (T bis zu 700 °C, P = 13-15 kbar) erreicht. Charakteristische Mineralreaktionen nach der Eklogitbildung sind Omphazit → Diopsid + Plagioklas (Symplektite) und Granat → Orthoyroxen + Plagioklas. Diese Reaktionen belegen das Vorliegen eines Granulitstadiums, während dem der Metamorphosehöhepunkt (T bis 870°C, P ≈ 10 kbar) erreicht wurde. Die Umwandlungen von Orthopyroxen → Cummingtonit + Quarz und Granat + Diopsid → Hornblende + Plagioklas (Kelyphit) belegen eine intensive retrograde amphibolitfazielle Überprägung (T = 550-650°C, P = 3-7 kbar). Aktinolith und Chlorit (Grünschieferstadium) bildeten sich bei weiter fallenden Temperaturen und Drucken (T = 300-400 °C, P 〈 2-3 kbar).
    Notes: Summary Eclogitic rocks are hosted within gneisses and migmatites of the Hercynian basement of NE Sardinia. They are characterized by two compositional layers: garnet-pyroxene rich-layers and amphibole-plagioclase layers. The former contain structural, mineralogical and compositional relics of eclogite facies re-equilibration. Four stages of evolution have been identified: an eclogite stage, a granulite stage and a retrograde amphibolite to greenschist stage. A possible pre(?)-eclogite stage is documented by inclusions of euhedral tschermakitic amphibole + zoisite within the core of garnet. This early stage was followed by an increase in pressure under which the eclogite climax developed (T up to 700 °C, P =13-15 kbar), as documented by omphacite inclusions towards the rim of garnet. Characteristic mineral reactions after the eclogitic stage are: omphacite → diopside + plagioclase (symplectite) and garnet → orthopyroxene + plagioclase. These reactions testify the presence of a granulite stage during which the peak of metamorphism was reached (T up to 870'C, P ≈ 10 kbar). The orthopyroxene → cummingtonite + quartz and garnet + diopside → hornblende + plagioclase (kelyphite) transformations indicate extensive amphibolite retrogression (T = 550650 °C, P = 3-7 kbar). Finally, actinolite and chlorite developed (greenschist stage) at falling temperature and pressure (T = 300-400 °C, P 〈 2-3 kbar).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01178028
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defect-induced microstructures: an X-ray diffraction analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 2263-2267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Single crystal X-ray diffraction was applied in order to investigate defect-induced microstructures in radiation damaged zircon. The formation of domains with different degrees of order was observed and in particular, it was possible to distinguish two types of defects: isolated lattice defects and dislocations. These lattice deformations have a great influence on the structural and physical properties of the materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004517422465
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  • 10
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    Evolution with depth from detrital to authigenic smectites in sediments from AND-2A drill core (McMurdo Sound, Antarctica) (2012)
    Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-19
    Description: We have examined the nature and origin of smectites in glaciomarine sediments of the AND-2A drill core (McMurdo Sound, Antarctica) by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses on the clay fraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations and SEM-EDS microanalyses on smectite particles. Relying on the smectite variation throughout the drill core it was possible to split the sequence into three units. Smectites throughout the core are either detrital or authigenic. Detrital smectites are close to montmorillonite-beidellite in composition while newly-formed smectites frequently have higher Fe-Mg contents and intermediate compositions between the saponite and nontronite field, with lower amounts in the montmorillonite-beidellite field. In the upper sedimentary sections (Unit I, and Unit II, 36–440 mbsf, 0.7–16.5 Ma) smectites are interpreted to be predominantly detrital, whereas in the lower portion of the core (Unit III, 440–1123.20 mbsf, 16.5–20.2 Ma) authigenic smectites are the most common feature. The predominance of mica, the abundance of chlorite, and the nature of smectites in the upper units indicate physical weathering under cold and dry climate, and a dominant provenance for the clay minerals from the Transantarctic Mountains. Smectites in the lower unit are considered mostly authigenic and they are most likely to be the result of early diagenetic processes, being formed from the alteration of volcanic material (glass, pyroxenes and feldspars) and/or through precipitation from fluids of a possible hydrothermal origin. Our survey attests to the importance of discriminating between a detrital and authigenic nature of smectites as the occurrence of authigenic clay minerals in ancient sedimentary successions might lead to incorrect palaeoclimatic interpretations, since they can be affected by diagenetic processes, thus obliterating the climatic signal.
    Print ISSN: 0009-8558
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8030
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland
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