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  • 1
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    Promoting sustainable local economic development initiatives (2023)
    AOSIS | AOSIS Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This book endeavours to outline case studies that promote sustainable Local Economic Development (LED) initiatives. It is generally believed that local governments are the foot soldiers of LED. However, this seems to be a myth, as local governments in South Africa and elsewhere have not yet fulfilled this mandate and have been struggling for several years to implement LED initiatives. The distinctive merit of this book lies in the way it combines the South African context with the wider international development context in ways that there is a flow of information and ideas both ways. The book is an essential part of this sequence of ideas development and action at a critical time for strategic action directed at a sustainable future. It showcases case studies and responses to the impacts of globalisation as a bridge between urban/rural and institutional action and reveals avenues for local government leadership in communities, research, student engagement and wider interactions.
    Keywords: Case study ; local government ; sustainable development ; local economic development ; women entrepreneurs ; Local Economic Development initiatives ; local government leadership ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK. 2. Effects of two annual stocking rates in combination with two levels of fertilizer nitrogen (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: When grazed sward surface height was controlled within the range 3·75-5·25 cm during spring and summer, the effects of two annual stocking rates of twenty (SR20) and twelve (SR12) Cheviot ewes per hectare with their lambs and two rates of nitrogen fertilizer, 100(N100) and 200(N200)kg Nha−1 per year on animal performance and yield of silage from areas of pasture surplus to grazing requirements were measured. Decision rules for management of sward height resulted in good control of swards and consistent and satisfactory individual animal performance across treatments. Total output of lamb was greater for SR20 than for SR12 (699 vs 424kg live weight ha−1; P 〈 0·001). Yield of silage was less for SR20 than for SR12 [27 vs 184 kg dry matter (DM) per ewe; P 〈 0·001] and less for N100 than for N200 (65 VS 146 kg DM per ewe; P 〈 0·01). Around the mating period, when sward height fell below 3·5cm, supplementary feed was offered. More concentrates were offered to the SR20 than to the SR12 ewes (12·3 vs 1·2kg DM per ewe; P 〈 0·001) and to the N100 than to the N200 ewes (8·3 vs 5·2kg DM per ewe; P 〈 0·01); trends in the amounts of hay offered during that period were similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb01979.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK: 6. The effect of reducing stocking rate and application of fertilizer nitrogen in Wales (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 58 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The implications for the agricultural productivity of the UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and lowering stocking rates on perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 4 years at a site in Wales. The system involved grazing ewes and lambs from birth to weaning on swards maintained at a constant height with surplus herbage made into silage, thereafter ewes and weaned lambs grazed on separate areas until the onset of winter with adjustments to the size of the areas grazed and utilizing surplus pasture areas for silage. Four stocking rates [SR 18, 15, 12 and 9 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and two levels of annual nitrogen fertilizer application (N 200 and 50 kg ha−1) were studied in five treatments (N200/SR18, N200/SR15, N50/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Average white clover content was negatively correlated with the level of annual nitrogen fertilizer application. White clover content of the swards was maintained over the duration of the experiment with an increasing proportion of clover in the swards receiving 50 kg N ha−1. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain from birth to weaning in all treatments but fewer lambs reached the slaughter live weight by September at the higher stocking rates and with the lower level of fertilizer application. Three of the five treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage (N200/SR15, N50/SR12 and N50/SR9). Because of the failure to make adequate winter fodder and the failure of white clover to fully compensate for reduction in nitrogen fertilizer application, it is concluded that nitrogen fertilizer can only be reduced on upland sheep pastures if accompanied by reduced stocking rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2003.00356.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK. 5. The effect of stocking rate and reduced levels of nitrogen fertilizer (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 57 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The implications for UK upland sheep systems of reducing nitrogen fertilizer application to perennial ryegrass/white clover swards were studied over 3 years. Sward height (3·5–5·5 cm) was controlled for ewes with lambs until weaning using surplus pasture areas for silage; thereafter, ewes and weaned lambs were grazed on separate areas, and sward height was controlled by adjusting the size of the areas grazed and using surplus pasture areas for silage if necessary. Combinations from three stocking rates [10, 6 and 4 ewes ha−1 on the total area (grazed and ensiled)] and four nitrogen fertilizer levels (150, 100, 50 and 0 kg ha−1) provided six treatments that were replicated three times. Average white clover content was negatively correlated with level of nitrogen fertilizer. The proportion of white clover in the swards increased over the duration of the experiment. Control of sward height and the contribution from white clover resulted in similar levels of lamb liveweight gain on all treatments. All treatments provided adequate winter fodder as silage. It is concluded that the application of nitrogen fertilizer can be reduced or removed from upland sheep pastures without compromising individual animal performance provided that white clover content and sward height are maintained. Resting pastures from grazing by changing ensiled and grazed areas from year to year sustained white clover content over a 3-year period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00299.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of bovine cardiac troponin C. Comparison of tyrosyl assignments and calcium-induced structural changes to those of two homologous proteins, rabbit skeletal troponin C and bovine brain calmodulin (1981)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 20 (1981), S. 3286-3294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00514a047
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization proton nuclear magnetic resonance studies on three homologous calcium binding proteins: cardiac troponin-C, skeletal troponin-C, and calmodulin (1981)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 20 (1981), S. 4185-4193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00517a036
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological aspects of Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes, England (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 5 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: This paper forms a sequel to that describing the physical and chemical aspects of Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes (Wilson et al., 1975).General accounts of the phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrophytes, littoral and benthic faunas, and fish are presented, based on surveys undertaken between 1966 and 1973.The spring diatom blooms (principally Asterionella) are correlated with silica and phosphate depletion in both lakes, while growths of blue-green (principally Microcystis) in the summer and autumn are correlated with low values of nitrate and saline ammonia.The principal zooplankter in both lakes is Daphnia hyalina. Daphnia pulex was found very commonly in Blagdon in 1970/71, but has not been recorded since. The Daphnia in Chew are smaller in size than those in Blagdon.Blagdon is richer in abundance and number of species of littoral animals, and in macrophyte development, than is Chew. The benthos of both lakes is very similar, except that Blagdon has a well-established population of Anodonta cygnaea, while in Chew the species has apparently only recently become established.Both lakes are maintained artificially as trout fisheries. Other fish present include eels, sticklebacks, and gudgeon. Roach and Perch are found in Chew only. An outline account of their food is given based on stomach content analysis, and shows that trout feed principally on chironomid pupae in spring, and on small fish in autumn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1975.tb01761.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and chemical aspects of Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes, two eutrophic reservoirs in North Somerset, England (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 5 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Chew Valley and Blagdon Lakes are two shallow, hard-water, lowland eutrophic reservoirs, situated near Bristol in the south-west of England.Chew Lake is more turbid and richer in plankton but poorer in macrophytes than Blagdon, and is more exposed to wind action. Both lakes show evidence of transient stratification in the summer coupled to deoxygenation of the bottom water, which has led to release of nutrients from the sediments.Severe algal blooms in Chew Lake in 1968 and the consequent filtration difficulties led to the establishment of a collaborative research programme between the University of Bristol and the Bristol Waterworks Company, to define the present biological status of the lakes, and to predict their possible future development. The work covers a wide range of measurements and observations on the limnological conditions of the lakes, which form an elegantly contrasted pair, and this paper describes their general physical and chemical features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1975.tb01760.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The implications of controlling grazed sward height for the operation and productivity of upland sheep systems in the UK. 1. Effects of two annual stocking rates in combination with two sward height profiles (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 49 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The consequences of controlling sward height at two levels, around 5 cm (HS) and around 3·5 cm (LS), during spring and summer by adjusting weekly the proportion of the areas grazed in response to changes in rate of herbage production and utilizing the surplus pasture areas to conserve winter fodder were studied over three complete years for Greyface ewes with their lambs at 15ha−1 (SR15) and 10ha−1 (SR10). The rules used to control grazed sward height resulted in acceptable sward height control in three of four treatments and, by providing supplementary feed when sward height was below target, gave rise to similar levels of individual animal performance. Total output of lamb weaned was greater for the SR15 than for the SR10 flocks (607 vs 477 kg live weight ha−1; P〈0·001). Amounts of winter fodder produced were less for the SR15 than for the SR10 flocks [39 vs 213kg dry matter (DM) per ewe; P 〈 0·001]. Significantly more supplementary feed (10·0 vs 4·4kg DM per ewe; P 〈 0·01) and hay (13·7 vs 4·0kg DM per ewe; P7lt;0·05) were offered around mating to SR15 flocks than to SR10 flocks. It is concluded that, provided that sward height can be controlled between 3·5 and 5·0cm during the spring and summer and that supplementation is offered when the grazed sward is below 3·5 cm, flock performance will fall within acceptable and predictable limits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1994.tb01978.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of grazed sward height and stocking rate on animal performance and output from beef cow systems (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 51 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: During three consecutive summers, forty spring-calving beef cows and their calves grazed perennial ryegrass-dominant swards receiving 250 kg N ha−1 at one of two annual stocking rates [2.0 (SR 2.0) or 2.5 (SR 2.5) cows ha−1] and one of two sward heights [4–5 (LS) or 7–8 (HS) cm] in a 2 × 2-factorial experiment, replicated twice. Sward heights were maintained from turn-out in spring by weekly adjustment of the area grazed and herbage was cut for silage in June and again in August from the areas not grazed. After the second cut of silage there was no control of sward height. Calves were weaned in early October and cows removed from pasture and housed when sward heights fell to 4 cm in autumn. Cows were fed in groups a variable but measured quantity of silage during winter to achieve a body condition score of 2.0–2.25 at turn-out the following spring.During the period of sward height control the cows on the HS treatment gained more live weight than those on the LS treatment (0.841 vs. 0.496 kg day−1; P〈0.01) as did the calves (1.167 vs. 1.105; P〈0.05). but the stocking rate treatment had no effect. From the time of second-cut silage to the time of weaning and housing respectively, calves and cows gained more live weight on the SR 2.0 treatment because sward heights were higher. Reproductive performance of cows was not affected by treatment.The quantity of silage produced and consumed per cow was not affected by sward height treatment, but the SR 2.0 treatment produced significantly (P〈0.001) more silage (1559 kg dry matter per cow) than the SR 2.5 treatment (833 kg dry matter per cow) and had higher winter silage requirements (1249 vs. 1153 kg dry matter per cow: P〈0.05). The overall mean stocking rate at which winter fodder production and requirements would be in balance was calculated as 2.25 cows ha−1 but values were 1.86, 2.60 and 2.28 in each of the three years of the experiment.The results showed that it was possible to control sward height in temperate beef cow systems by adjusting the area available for grazing. Body condition score can be used as a means of determining the feeding levels required to manipulate body condition of cows over winter to achieve prescribed levels of body condition. The experimental approach allows the identification of the stocking rate at which self-sufficiency in winter fodder can be achieved and the year-to-year variation associated with that stocking rate. This approach could be generalized if information on herbage growth rate were available, either from direct measurement or from predictive models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1996.tb02054.x
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