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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of ethylene in the regulation of cell death and leaf loss in ozone-exposed European beech (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To test the involvement of ethylene in mediating ozone-induced cell death and leaf loss in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), tree seedlings were exposed to proportionally increased or decreased field ozone levels for up to 6 months. Ozone treatment caused cell death and accelerated leaf loss at higher than ambient levels, but had only minor effects at ambient and no effects at subambient ozone levels. The emission of ethylene, the levels of its precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC), and mRNA levels of specific ACC synthase (FS-ACS2) and ACC oxidase (FS-ACO1) isoforms showed a persistent increase and preceded cell death by approximately 2 weeks. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis led to reduced lesion formation whereas application of ACC accelerated ozone-induced cell death and leaf loss. Similar results were obtained when adult beech trees were exposed to 2 × ozone by a whole tree free-air canopy exposure system. The results suggest a role of ethylene in amplifying ozone effects under field conditions in this major European broad-leaved tree species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01339.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of ozone on the emission of carbonyls from leaves of adult Fagus sylvatica (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Under the site conditions of a temperate forest, the exchange of short-chained oxygenated carbonyls (aldehydes, ketones) was assessed from leaves of adult European beech trees. The crowns of the trees were either exposed to an elevated O3 regime as released by a free-air fumigation system (2 × O3) or to the unchanged O3 regime at the site (1 × O3, ‘control’). Daily fluctuations of oxygenated carbonyls were quantified in relation to environmental and physiological factors. In particular, the effect of O3 on carbonyl exchange was studied. Measurements of leaf gas exchange were performed with a dynamic cuvette system, and carbonyl fluxes were determined using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica gel cartridges. Leaves mainly emitted acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acetone. Acetaldehyde dominated the emissions, amounting up to 100 nmol m−2 min−1, followed by formaldehyde (approximately 80 nmol m−2 min−1) and acetone (approximately 60 nmol m−2 min−1). Carbonyl emissions were highest during midday and significantly lowered at night, irrespective of the O3 exposure regime. Trees exposed to 2 × O3 emitted acetaldehyde and acetone at enhanced rates. The findings are of particular significance for future climate change scenarios that assume increased O3 levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01305.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competition increasingly dominates the responsiveness of juvenile beech and spruce to elevated CO2 and/or O3 concentrations throughout two subsequent growing seasons (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Saplings of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies were grown in mono- and mixed cultures in a 2-year phytotron study under all four combinations of ambient and elevated ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. The hypotheses tested were (1) that the competitiveness of beech rather than spruce is negatively affected by the exposure to enhanced O3 concentrations, (2) spruce benefits from the increase of resource availability (elevated CO2) in the mixed culture and (3) that the responsiveness of plants to CO2 and O3 depends on the type of competition (i.e. intra vs. interspecific).Beech displayed a competitive disadvantage when growing in mixture with spruce: after two growing seasons under interspecific competition, beech showed significant reductions in leaf gas exchange, biomass development and crown volume as compared with beech plants growing in monoculture. In competition with spruce, beech appeared to be nitrogen (N)-limited, whereas spruce tended to benefit in terms of its plant N status.The responsiveness of the juvenile trees to the atmospheric treatments differed between species and was dominated by the type of competition: spruce growth benefited from elevated CO2 concentrations, while beech growth suffered from the enhanced O3 regime. In general, interspecific competition enhanced these atmospheric treatment effects, supporting our hypotheses. Significant differences in root : shoot biomass ratio between the type of competition under both elevated O3 and CO2 were not caused by readjustments of biomass partitioning, but were dependent on tree size.Our study stresses that competition is an important factor driving plant development, and suggests that the knowledge about responses of plants to elevated CO2 and/or O3, acquired from plants growing in monoculture, may not be transferred to plants grown under interspecific competition as typically found in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00993.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal growth, δ13C in leaves and stem, and phloem structure of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations (1992)
    Springer
    Trees 6 (1992), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ozone ; Betula pendula ; Growth analysis ; δ13C ; Phloem structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth of potted birch cuttings (one clone of Betula pendula) was studied under low O3 concentrations (0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 μl l-1) throughout an entire growing season. With increasing O3 dose, 20–50% of all leaves formed were prematurely shed, while 40–70% of the remaining foliage displayed advanced discoloration by the end of the season. Ozonation affected the S, P and N concentration of leaves and increased δ13C in leaves and stem, while the CO2 assimilation rate declined with increasing CO2 concentration in mesophyll intercellulars. While whole-plant production correlated negatively with the O3 dose, ozone increased the specific leaf weight (i.e. leaf weight/leaf area, SLW) but decreased the ratios of stem weight/stem length and root/shoot biomass. Neither the latter ratio nor SLW changed in experimentally defoliated control plants, whereas in ozonated plants starch accumulated along leaf veins and phloem tissue was deformed in the leaf petioles and the stem. Only in early summer was the relative growth rate higher in the ozonated than in the control plants. The ratio of whole-plant biomass production versus total foliage area formed was lowered under O3 stress. However, when relating biomass to the actual foliage area present due to leaf loss, this ratio did not differ between treatments. Similarly the ratio of actual foliage area versus basal stem area in cross-section did not differ. Overall, whole-plant production was strongly determined by O3-caused changes in crown structure and began to be limited at O3 doses (approximately 180 μl l-1 h) similar to those of rural sites in Central Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226583
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of ozone fumigation and fertilization on chlorophyll fluorescence of birch leaves (Betula pendula) (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 14 (1999), S. 10-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ozone fumigation ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Fertilization ; Light intensity ; Senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The impact of ozone fumigation on chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll content of birch trees grown at high and low fertilization were studied for 6-, 8-, and 12-week old leaves. Fluorescence parameters were measured with a portable fluorometer with its fibre optics tightly inserted in a gas exchange cuvette at light intensities from 0 to 220 µmol photons m−2 s−1. Ozone caused significant changes of primary photosynthetic reactions: a decrease of the quantum yield of photosystem II and an increase of non-photochemical quenching. In all leaves a biphasic light response of non-photochemical quenching was observed. Ozone fumigation shifted the onset of the second phase from a PFD of about 60 µmol m−2 s−1 to about 30 µmol m−2 s−1. While the fertilizer concentration had no influence on this character, high fertilization supply of plants partially reduced O3-induced damage. The light responses of Ft, Fm′ and NPQ observed in birch leaves grown in O3-free air indicate the existence of at least two different processes governing energy conversion of the photosynthetic apparatus at PS II in the range of PFD 0–200 µmol photons m−2 s−1. The first phase was attributed to a rather slowly relaxing type of non-photochemical quenching, which, at least at low PFD, is thought to be related to a state 1–2 transition. The further changes of the fluorescence parameters studied at higher PFD might be explained by an increase of energy-dependent quenching, connected with the energization of the thylakoid membrane and zeaxanthin synthesis. A major effect of ozone treatment was a lowering of PS II quantum yield. This reflects a reduction of PS II electron transport and corresponds to the reduction of CO2-fixation observed in ozonated leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050002
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of ozone and nutrition on δ13C in Betula pendula (1995)
    Springer
    Oecologia 103 (1995), S. 397-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: δ13C ; Ozone ; Nutrition ; Betula pendula ; Carboxylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the cellulose of stems and leaves, δ13C was investigated in a birch clone (Betula pendula), which was exposed throughout the growing season to either 〈3 (control) or 90/40 nl O3 1-1 (day/night). Each regime was split into plants under high or low nutrient supply. δ13C was increased (becoming less negative), in stems rather than leaves, by both high nutrition (+2‰) and O3 stress (+1‰). Whereas high nutrition raised the wateruse efficiency (WUE) while lowering the CO2 concentration in the inner leaf air space (c i), WUE decreased and c i increased under O3 stress. Therefore, only the nutritional effect on the carbon isotope fractionation was reproduced by the model of Farquhar et al. (1982) which estimates WUE by means of δ13C based on c i. c i was not biased by ‘patchiness’ in respect to stomatal opening. The latter was verified by microscopical analysis and the complete water infiltration of the birch leaves through the stomata, independent of the diurnal course of the leaf conductance for water vapour. Under low nutrient supply, the activity of phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) was roughly doubled by ozone to about 1.3% of the total carboxylation capacity (by PEPC + rubisco), and was increased to 1.7% under high nutrition. The fractionation model, extended to account for varying activities of the carboxylating enzymes, indicated that stimulated PEPC was the cause of elevated δ13C, although c i was increased under O3 stress. The stimulation of PEPC and, as a consequence, elevated δ13C are discussed as part of a whole-plant acclimation to O3 stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328677
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impairment of gas exchange and structure in birch leaves (Betula pendula) caused by low ozone concentrations (1991)
    Springer
    Trees 5 (1991), S. 5-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ozone ; Betula pendula ; Leaf gas exchange ; Leaf structure ; Senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Injury caused by low O3 concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 μl 1-1) was analyzed in the epidermis and mesophyll of fully developed birch leaves by gas exchange experiments and low-temperature SEM: (I) after leaf formation in O3-free and ozonated air, and (II) after transferring control plants into ozonated air. In control leaves, autumnal senescence also was studied in O3-free air (III). As O3 concentration increased, leaves of (I) stayed reduced in size, but showed increased specific weight and stomatal density. The declining photosynthetic capacity, quantum yield and carboxylation efficiency lowered the light saturation of CO2 uptake and the water-use efficiency (WUE). Carbon gain was less limited by the reduced stomatal conductance than by the declining ability of CO2 fixation in the mesophyll. The changes in gas exchange were related to the O3 dose and were mediated by narrowed stomatal pores (overriding the increase in stomatal density) and by progressive collapse of mesophyll cells. The air space in the mesophyll increased, preceded by exudate formation on cell walls. Ozonated leaves, which had developed in O3-free air (II), displayed a similar but more rapid decline than the leaves from (I). In senescent leaves (III), CO2 uptake showed a similar decrease as in leaves with O3 injury but no changes in mesophyll structure and WUE. The nitrogen concentration declined only in senescent leaves in parallel with the rate of CO2 uptake. A thorough understanding of O3 injury and natural senescence requires combined structural and functional analyses of leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225329
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiation and structural decline in the leaves and bark of birch (Betula pendula) under low ozone concentrations (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 7 (1993), S. 104-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Ozone ; Betula pendula ; Leaf differentiation ; Leaf and bark decline ; Senescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Leaf and bark structure of a birch clone (Betula pendula Roth) continuously exposed to charcoal-filtered air or charcoal-filtered air plus ozone (0.05, 0.075, 0.1 μl 1-1) was investigated throughout one growing season. Increasing ozone dose influenced leaf differentiation by reducing leaf area and increasing inner leaf air space, density of cells developing into stomata, scales and hairs. When approximately the same ozone dose had been reached, macroscopical and microscopical symptoms appeared irrespective of the ozone concentration used during treatment. Structural decline began in mesophyll cells around stomatal cavities (droplet-like exudates on the cell walls), continued with disintegration of the cytoplasma and ended in cell collapse. Epidermal cells showed shrinkage of the mucilaginous layer (related to water loss). Their collapse marked the final stage of leaf decline. When subsidiary cells collapsed, guard cells passively opened for a transitory period before collapsing and closing. With increasing ozone dose starch remained accumulated along the small leaf veins and in guard cells. IIK-positive grains were formed in the epidermal cells. This contrasted with the senescent leaves, where starch was entirely retranslocated. Injury symptoms in stem and petiole proceeded from the epidermis to the cambium. Reduced tissue area indicated reduced cambial activity. In plants grown in filtered air and transferred into ozone on 20 August, injury symptoms developed faster than in leaves formed in the presence of ozone. Results are discussed with regard to O3-caused acclimation and injury mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225477
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ozon - ein Risikofaktor für Bäume und Wälder? (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 28 (1998), S. 348-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Ozon (O3) wird hinsichtlich seiner direkten und indirekten Einwirkung auf Pflanzen diskutiert (Abbildung 1). Die indirekte Einwirkung resultiert aus der seit mehreren Jahren beobachteten Zerstörung der Ozonschicht in der Stratosphäre (Ozonloch). Aufgrund dieses O3-Abbaus gelangt die schädigende UV-B-Strahlung in erhöhtem Maßlig;e zur Erdoberfläche. Direkt als Gas wirkt Ozon in der bodennahen Troposphäre auf Pflanzen ein, hier vor allem aufgrund einer erfolgten O3-Anreicherung. Beide Wirkungspfade werden durch anthropogene Luftverunreinigungen vermittelt. Die folgende Abhandlung betrachtet die Wirkung des troposphärischen Ozons auf Pflanzen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.960280604
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  • 10
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    Effects of atmospheric and climate change at the timberline of the Central European Alps (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-01-01
    Print ISSN: 1286-4560
    Electronic ISSN: 1297-966X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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