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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Singapore :Springer Nature Singapore :
    Keywords: Biotic communities. ; Population biology. ; Environmental chemistry. ; Ecology . ; Conservation biology. ; Community and Population Ecology. ; Environmental Chemistry. ; Theoretical and Statistical Ecology. ; Ecosystems. ; Conservation Biology.
    Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction: What is risk science? -- Chapter 2. How to determine the relief target for Minamata disease -- Chapter 3. Risk of radioactive contamination caused by the Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant -- Chapter 4. How to assess ecological risks of trace metals in environment -- Chapter 5. Impact of reactive nitrogen and nitrogen footprint -- Chapter 6. Adaptive risk management of new coronavirus disease -- Chapter 7. How to convince purse seiners for sustainable fishery -- Chapter 8. Why is the tuna critically endangered and still sold in the market?- Chapter 9. Red List of Japanese vascular plants and Environmental Impact Assessment -- Chapter 10. Adaptive risk management of sika deer -- Chapter 11. Risk of avian collisions in wind turbines -- Chapter 12. Resource economics of exotic mongoose control -- Chapter 13. Beyond dichotomy in the protection and management of marine mammals -- Chapter 14. Management of human-bear conflict -- 15. Effects of dams on ecological risk of inland fishes -- Chapter 16. Marine co-management plan of Shiretoko World Heritage -- Chapter 17. Marine co-management plan of Shiretoko World Heritage -- Chapter 18. Multi-species fisheries management. .
    Abstract: This book introduces the theory and practice of ecological risk management. Using recent and live case studies in Japan, the book explains the use of basic mathematical techniques in extinction risk, adaptive population management, avian collision risk in wind farms, potential biological removal for marine mammals, and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals. The focus of this book is on case studies of nature conservation in Japan, including internationally renowned topics of Japanese fisheries, Shiretoko World Heritage, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident. It also covers the adaptive risk management of the new coronavirus disease. The book comprises four parts covering ecotoxicology, fisheries, wildlife management and conservation, and ecosystem-based management. It differs from other books in having its primary interest in human impacts on animals, plant, and ecosystems, while existing works in this area concentrate on the fate of toxic substances in the environments and their effects on humans. This book is unique in that it indicates various environmental issues that the theoretical ecology is potentially applicable without concentrating into any particular subject such as ecotoxicology or conservation biology. Primary readers are undergraduate/graduate students, staffs of environmental consultant companies and environmental NPOs, and journalists. Readers will find this book useful for its abundant information on case studies of ecological risk management and consensus building in Japan.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: VI, 314 p. 109 illus., 96 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9789813369344
    Series Statement: Ecological Research Monographs,
    DDC: 577.82
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 49 (1984), S. 4315-4317 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Risk analysis 21 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Ecological risk from the development of a wetland is assessed quantitatively by means of a new risk measure, expected loss of biodiversity (ELB). ELB is defined as the weighted sum of the increments in the probabilities of extinction of the species living in the wetland due to its loss. The weighting for a particular species is calculated according to the length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree that will be lost if the species becomes extinct. The length of the branch on the phylogenetic tree is regarded as reflecting the extent of contribution of the species to the taxonomic diversity of the world of living things. The increments in the probabilities of extinction are calculated by a simulation used for making the Red List for vascular plants in Japan. The resulting ELB for the loss of Nakaikemi wetland is 9,200 years. This result is combined with the economic costs for conservation of the wetland to produce a value for the indicator of the “cost per unit of biodiversity saved.” Depending on the scenario, the value is 13,000 yen per year-ELB or 110,000 to 420,000 yen per year-ELB (1 US dollar = 110 yen in 1999).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant species biology 9 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1442-1984
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We consider a mathematical model for the coevolution of a plant's defense against herbivores and the herbivore's ability to exploit the plant. The result of coevolution is predicted using the phase portrait of trait value dynamics and contour plots of fitnesses. The following results are derived: (1) The fitnesses of both plant and herbivore are higher at an “armless” state in which both plant and herbivore invest a minimum amount of energy and/or resources in defense and feeding respectively, than at the coevolutionarily stable state (CSS); (2) Perpetual increase in the trait values of both species may occur when the marginal costs of defense and feeding abilities decrease as these abilities increase; (3) If the marginal costs of defense and feeding abilities increase as the abilities increase, there is a coevolutionary equilibrium with finite trait values; (4) There may be more than one coevolutionarily stable state (CSS).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of theoretical physics 35 (1996), S. 839-845 
    ISSN: 1572-9575
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We obtain the mutual information of Ising systems, which shows singular behavior near the critical point. We connect the mutual information with the magnetization and the correlation function. The mutual information is a suitable measure for the critical behavior of Ising systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of ethology 7 (1989), S. 105-112 
    ISSN: 1439-5444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of reciprocal cooperation between non-relatives is studied. Food-sharing of vampire bats studied by Wilkinson (1984) and egg-trading of simultaneous hermaphroditic fish studied by Fisher (1980) are respectively considered as Thompson's reciprocal assistance and the iterated Hero game. Those models predicted the following: (1) Reciprocal assistance between adult bats is evolutionarily stable if they repeatedly interact for a long time. However, (2) the cost for an adult to assist a juvenile is too high to be compensated by the benefit from the juvenile. (3) A particular signal, which determines the sex role of each partner, is always displayed by a “heroic” partner which releases eggs with a larger cost. (4) If alternation of sex roles is established, then the evolutionarily stable frequency of displaying a signal of egg-release increases as the frequency of divorce decreases, and (5) a “cheating” strategy, which releases sperm on every spawning bout, is less advantageous than reciprocal cooperation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: co-evolution ; exploitative mutualism ; anti-predator behaviour ; co-evolutionarily stable state ; community structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antipredator strategies employed by prey may be specific (effective against only one type of predator) or non-specific (effective against all predators). To examine the effects of the specificity of antipredator behaviour on biodiversity and community complexity, we analyse mathematical models including both evolutionary and population dynamics of a system including multiple prey species and multiple predator species. The models assume that all predator species change in their prey choice and all prey species have evolutionary change in their antipredator effort in evolution. The traits of each species change in an adaptive manner, whose rate is proportional to the slope of their fitness function. We calculate community complexity, resource-overlap between predators, an index of biodiversity and other properties of the coevolutionarily stable community for two cases: (1) all prey species have non-specific antipredator behaviour and (2) all prey species have predator-specific defence. Predator-specificity in defence increases community complexity, resource-overlap between predators, the total abundance of predators and the ratio of predator to prey abundance. Specific defence also decreases the number of isolated subwebs within the entire foodweb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 11 (1997), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: coevolution ; fitness minimization ; mathematical model ; predation ; predator–prey interaction ; population cycles ; quantitative traits ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyse dynamic models of the coevolution of continuous traits that determine the capture rate of a prey species by a predator. The goal of the analysis is to determine conditions when the coevolutionary dynamics will be unstable and will generate population cycles. We use a simplified model of the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative traits in which the rate of change of the mean trait value is proportional to the rate of increase of individual fitness with trait value. Traits that increase ability in the predatory interaction are assumed to have negative effects on another component of fitness. We concentrate on the role of equilibrial fitness minima in producing cycles. In this case, the mean trait of a rapidly evolving species minimizes its fitness and it is ‘chased’ around this equilibrium by adaptive evolution in the other species. Such cases appear to be most likely if the capture rate of prey by predators is maximal when predator and prey phenotypes match each other. They are possible, but less likely when traits in each species determine a one-dimensional axis of ability related to the interaction. Population dynamics often increase the range of parameter values for which cycles occur, relative to purely evolutionary models, although strong prey self-regulation may stabilize an evolutionarily unstable subsystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: coevolution ; fitness minimization ; mathematical model ; predation ; predator—prey interaction ; population cycles ; quantitative traits ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We analyse dynamic models of the coevolution of continuous traits that determine the capture rate of a prey species by a predator. The goal of the analysis is to determine conditions when the coevolutionary dynamics will be unstable and will generate population cycles. We use a simplified model of the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative traits in which the rate of change of the mean trait value is proportional to the rate of increase of individual fitness with trait value. Traits that increase ability in the predatory interaction are assumed to have negative effects on another component of fitness. We concentrate on the role of equilibrial fitness minima in producing cycles. In this case, the mean trait of a rapidly evolving species minimizes its fitness and it is ‘chased’ around this equilibrium by adaptive evolution in the other species. Such cases appear to be most likely if the capture rate of prey by predators is maximal when predator and prey phenotypes match each other. They are possible, but less likely when traits in each species determine a one-dimensional axis of ability related to the interaction. Population dynamics often increase the range of parameter values for which cycles occur, relative to purely evolutionary models, although strong prey self-regulation may stabilize an evolutionarily unstable subsystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 7 (1993), S. 312-326 
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: anti-predator behaviour ; apparent competition ; frequency dependent predation ; indirect effects ; mathematical model ; optimal foraging ; switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two prey populations that share a common predator can interact indirectly by causing changes in the predator's foraging behaviour. Previous work suggests that adaptive choice of prey by the predator usually has two related consequences: (i) the predation rate on a particular prey species increases with the relative and/or absolute abundance of that prey; and (ii) increases in either prey population produce a short-term increase in the fitness of the other prey (short-term indirect mutualism between prey). This paper investigates how these two consequences are changed if the prey exhibit adaptive anti-predator behaviour. In this case, the predation rate on a particular prey often decreases as the prey's density increases. The predator then usually exhibits ‘negative switching’ between prey. However, the presence of adaptive antipredator behaviour does not change the short-term mutualism between prey. In this case, as a prey becomes less common, it achieves a larger growth rate by reducing its anti-predator effort. These results imply that observations of the relationship between prey density and predation rate cannot be used to infer the nature of the behavioural indirect effect between prey that share a predator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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