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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 11 (1990), S. 453-462 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cells isolated from pig urinary bladders and pregnant full term human uteruses were attached longitudinally between a microforce transducer and a length displacement apparatus. Cells were stretched by applying a series of ramp-like length changes of 0.2 s duration and 10.0μm amplitude at intervals of 15 min. Passive forces upon straining were as high as 70–100μN. Following these peak forces stress relaxation occurred, levelling off approximately 50% of the maximum peak force. The maximum elastic modulus estimated for single cells was found to be at least a tenfold higher than was previously estimated from intact bladder strips. The relation between the increase in length and the increase in initial force increment was found to be approximately linear. An exponential equation was fitted to a selected number of stress relaxation curves. Relaxation curves of bladder cells show a clearly different time course as compared to bladder tissue strips, suggesting that a significant amount of relaxation in strips has to be contributed to the connective tissue components or to structural changes in these strips.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 11 (1990), S. 331-337 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A transducer has been developed for measuring the minute forces generated during isometric contractions (1.0–10.0μN) of single smooth muscle cells from the pig urinary bladder and the human uterus. In addition to its high sensitivity, resolution and stability (100 mVμN−1, 〈0.1μN and 〈2.0μN h−1), the transducer features a very wide range (100–140μN) with good linearity, enabling measurement of contractions as well as passive force-length characteristics within one uninterrupted measurement session. Since the transducer features an independent and interchangeable force to displacement conversion system, different force ranges can be realized by inserting force conversion systems with different compliances.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 8 (1987), S. 125-134 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In contrast to striated muscle, measurements on strips of smooth muscle cannot be uniquely interpreted in terms of an array of contractile units. Therefore scaling down to the single-cell level is necessary to gain detailed understanding of the contractile process in this type of muscle. The present study describes the development of a method for isolating contractile single smooth muscle cells from pig urinary bladders. Contractile responses evoked by individual electrical stimulation were used as a measure of cell quality during development of the method. Responses were evaluated by measuring latency, contraction and relaxation times, as indicated by visible length changes, and stored on-line in a computer. Initial length, relative shortening and shortening speed were determined by measuring cell lengths in previously timed still video frames using a computer-controlled crosshair device. Increase of stimulus pulse duration resulted in improved responses, indicating that the observed shortening represented a physiological contractile response. Ultimately this method of evaluation was applied to two sets of cell preparations obtained by two different methods, one using only collagenase digestion, the other using mechanical manipulation as well. Both sets showed two main patterns of response to electrical stimulation: a pattern of contraction upon stimulation followed by enhanced contraction when stimulation was switched off (CK), and a pattern of contraction upon stimulation followed by relaxation when the stimulus was switched off (CR). The set of preparations containing the highest percentage of CR cells was found to be superior (i.e. greater initial length, shorter latency and contraction times, increased shortening and higher shortening speed). The method of isolation used for this set gives a high yield of contractile cells available for experimental use over a long span of time.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 12 (1991), S. 45-52 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method for measuring several quick-releases during one contraction of a pig urinary bladder smooth muscle preparation was developed. The force recovery following quick release in this muscle type was studied by fitting a multiexponential model to 926 responses measured during the first 700 ms after release, both in the stimulated and in the unstimulated muscle. It was concluded that the force recovery in this observation window was biexponential and that the two time constants result from two fundamentally different processes. The slower time constant in the order of 0.45 s was ascribed to crossbridge cycling, and this hypothesis was supported by the considerable dependence of the amplitude associated with this time constant on the stimulus condition of the muscle. The faster time constant in the order of 0.032 s was found to be largely independent of the degree of stimulation of the muscle and was ascribed to a passive, viscoelastic process.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 11 (1990), S. 338-343 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A method is described for attaching isolated single smooth muscle cells to an apparatus designed for measuring the longitudinal forces developed passively and actively by the cell upon straining, electrical or pharmacological stimulation. Primary attachment of the cell is based on its natural negative surface charge in combination with a positive surface charge on the micro-tools used for attaching. Definite attachment is obtained by a knotting technique. Results show that this method of attachment is reliable and strong enough to withhold forces exceeding those necessary to break or tear the cell. Although this method allows relatively short cells to be attached (L 〉80μm). alternative methods e.g. glueing, are necessary to attach the shortest smooth muscle cells.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of muscle research and cell motility 9 (1988), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1573-2657
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Strips of urinary bladder smooth muscle were subjected to a series of quick release measurements. Each measurement consisted of several releases and resets to the original length, made during one contraction. The complete length-force characteristic of series elasticity was quantified by estimatingH, the amplitude of quick release necessary to reduce the active force to exactly zero, andD b, a measure for the deviation of the characteristic from a straight line. By measuring a series of contractions at increasing stretched strip lengths, the length dependence of these parameters was studied. It was found thatH depends linearly on stretched strip length. On averageH/length amounted to 0.04.D b decreased when strips were stretched, i.e. a straight line was more closely approximated. Both parameter dependencies support the concept of two separate elastic mechanisms, a linear true passive elasticity in series with a non-linear elasticity in the cross-bridges. For the latter,H amounts to 3.8% of the initial strip length.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 25 (1987), S. 467-470 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Computer control ; Cross-hair device ; Length measurements ; Nonsynchronisable video source ; Still video frames
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 19 (1981), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Bladder ; Model ; Rate of strain ; Strain rate ; Urinary bladder ; Viscoelastic model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to relate the results of measurements on strips of urinary bladder wall to clinical measurements on the intact urinary bladder, an expression is derived for the dependence of the viscoelastic response of bladder-wall material on strain rate. This expression is based on a non-linear viscoelastic model, with elastic moduli depending exponentially on strain, in accordance with the results of previous measurements. The results of measurements performed on strips of bladder-wall material at different strain rates show good agreement with the values predicted by the above mentioned expression.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 16 (1978), S. 471-482 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Biomechanics ; Modelling ; Urinary bladder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Cet article présente un modèle décrivant les propriétés passives de la vessie durant cette phase de collecte. Une technique genre “boîte noire” est utilisée. Le système étudié, qui est défini en terme d'une relation pression/volume, est divisé en quatre sous-systèmes out blocs à savoir deux blocs géométriques, un bloc décrivant les propriétés des parois de la vessie en fonction du temps et un bloc décrivant les propriétés en fonction de sa longueur. Les modèles ont été mis au point et testés pour chaque bloc séparément. En ce qui concerne la géométrie, la vessie est décrite comme une sphère à parois épaisses dont les tissus ont un volume constant. La dépendance des propriétés de ces parois en fonction du temps peut être expliquée avec un modèle visco-élastique, tandis qu'on peut montrer que la relation entre les propriétés de ces parois et leur longueur correspond à des modules élastiques qui dépendent des tensions de manière biexponentielle. Les valeurs estimées des paramètres en question ont été obtenues à la suite d'expériences réalisées sur des bandes de vessies obtenues auprès de l'abattoir local. La combinaison des blocs a donné un modèle global des propriétés passives de la vessie dans la phase de collecte. Ce modèle contient quatorze paramètres. La manière classique d'étudier la vessie, qui consiste à la remplir lentement et à mesurer la pression obtenue, donne une relation pression/volume pseudo-statique appelée un cystométrogramme. Le modèle prédit précisément la forme du cystométrogramme. Cependant, l'analyse d'un tel cystométrogramme classique ne nous permet de déterminer que trois paramètres de notre modèle. Une meilleure méthode de mesure consiste à mettre sous tension de manière graduelle (ou presque) la vessie. Cela permet d'obtenir huit paramètres, pourvu que le volume initial de la vessie soit connu, et plusieurs mesures sur une vessie à différentes tensions nous permettent de déterminer dix paramètres. Les résultats obtenus avec cette méthode de mise sous tension par étape sont compatibles avec le modèle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird ein Modell dargestellt, das die passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase beschreibt. Es wird eine Blackbox-Methode angewandt. Das zu untersuchende System, das als ein Druckvolumenverhältnis definiert wird, wird in vier Teilsysteme oder Spalten aufgeteilt, d.h., zwei Geometriespalten, eine Spalte, die die zeitabhängigen Eigenschaften der Blasenwand darstellt, und eine Spalte, in der die längenabhängigen Eigenschaften beschrieben werden. Für jede Spalte wurden getrennte Modelle konstruiert und getestet. In bezug auf die Geometrie wird die Blase als dickwandige Sphäre mit konstantem Gewebevolumen beschrieben. Die Zeitabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften kann anhand eines visko-elastischen Modells erklärt werden. Die Längenabhängigkeit der Wandeigenschaften erweist sich als Erzeuger elastischer Moduli, die bi-exponentiell von der Belastung abhängig sind. Schätzungen der zugehörigen Parameterwerte erhielt man aus Experimenten nit Streifen der Harnblase, die man vom örtlichen Schlachthof bezogen hatte. Die Kombination der Spalten ergab ein Gesantmodell der passiven Eigenschaften der Harnblase in der Sammelphase. Durch die klassische Untersuchungsmethode der Harnblase, sie langsam zu füllen und den hierdurch erzeugten Druck zu messen, erhält man ein pseudo-statisches Druckvolumenverhältnis, Zystometrogramm genannt. Das Modell ergibt eine genaue Voraussage des Zystometrogramms. Jedoch kann man durch die Analyse des klassischen Zystometrogramms nur drei Parameter unseres Modells bestimmen. Ein besseres Meßverfahren beruht auf der stufenweisen (oder fast stufenweisen) Belastung der Harnblase. Eine stufenweise Belastung ergibt acht Parameter vorausgesetzt, daß das Anfangsvolumen der Blase bekannt ist. Mehrere Messungen an einer Blase bei verschiedenen Belastungen ermöglichen es uns, zehn Parameter zu bestimmen. Die Resultate der stufenweisen Belastung sind mit dem Modell vergleichbar.
    Notes: Abstract A model is presented that describes the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. A black-box approach is used. The system under investigation, which is defined in terms of a pressure-volume relationship, is divided into four subsystems or blocks, namely two geometry blocks, a block describing the time-dependent properties of the bladder wall, and a block describing its length-dependent properties. Models have been developed and tested for each block separately. With regard to geometry, the bladder is described as a thick-walled sphere of constant tissue volume. The time-dependence of the properties of the wall can be explained using a visco-elastic model, and the length dependence of the wall properties is shown to yield elastic moduli which depend biexponentially on strain. Estimates of the value of the parameters involved were obtained from experiments on strips of urinary bladder, obtained from the local slaughterhouse. Combination of the blocks yielded an overall model of the passive properties of the urinary bladder in the collection phase. The model contains 14 parameters. The classical way of investigating the urinary bladder, by filling it slowly and measuring the pressure produced, yields a pseudostatic pressure-volume relationship called a cystometrogram. The model predicts the form of the cystometrogram accurately. However, analysis of a classical cystometrogram enables us to determine only three parameters of our model. A better measurement method is based on stepwise (or almost stepwise) straining of the urinary bladder. One stepwise straining yields eight parameters, provided the initial volume of the bladder is known, and several measurements on one bladder at different strains enable us to determine ten parameters. The results obtained with stepwise straining are compatible with the model.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 20 (1982), S. 585-594 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Quick-release technique ; Series elasticity ; Sliding filaments model ; Smooth muscle ; Urinary bladder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The series elasticity of strips of smooth muscle from pig urinary bladder was investigated by means of a series of computerised quick-release and quick-stretch measurements with and without stimulation of the muscle, and at different shortenings and force levels. The results cannot be interpreted in terms of a discrete passive series-elastic element. They can, however, be interpreted in terms of the sliding-filaments model for contracting muscle.
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