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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 7 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Experiments up to water pressures of 21 kbar have been undertaken to bracket the reactions chlorite + quartz = talc + kyanite + H2O, chlorite + quartz = talc + cordierite + H2O, and talc + kyanite + quartz = cordierite ± H2O by reversed runs in the system MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (MASH). These reaction curves intersect at an invariant point (IP1) at PH2O = 6.4 ± 0.2 kbar and a temperature of 624 ± 4°C. The curve of the chlorite + quartz breakdown to talc + kyanite + H2O at water pressures above 6.4 kbar shows a negative dP/dT, with the slope decreasing with rising pressure, whereas the slope of the breakdown curve to talc + cordierite + H2O at water pressures is clearly positive.The composition of the chlorite solid solution reacting with quartz has been estimated to be approximately Mg4.85Al1.15[Al1.15Si2.85O10](OH)8 over the entire pressure range investigated. The composition of the talc solid solution forming by the breakdown of chlorite + quartz appears to be Mg2.94Al0.06[Al0.06Si3.94O10](OH)2 at PH2O = 2kbar. With increasing pressure, the Al content of talc decreases, reaching a value of about 0.06 atoms per formula unit at P,H2O = 21 kbar.As a consequence of the new experimental data, the existing phase topologies of the MASH-system and K2O-MASH-system have been revised. For example, the invariant point IP1 and the univariant reaction curve kyanite + talc + H2O = chlorite + cordierite are stable. For this reason, the development of medium- to high-temperature metamorphic rocks compositionally approximating the MASH-system must be reconsidered. The whiteschists from Sar e Sang, Afghanistan, are treated as an example. The application of the present experimental data to metamorphic rocks of more normal composition requires the examination of the influence of further components. This leads to the conclusion that the introduction of Fe2+ into magnesian chlorite extends its stability field in the presence of quartz by 10°-15°C in comparison with pure Mg-chlorite.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 20 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Observations of oriented SiO2 precipitates in omphacite from eclogite with tholeiitic basalt protolith bordering the Alpe Arami garnet peridotite massif, Ticino, Switzerland, and petrological studies of the eclogitic mineral assemblages, suggest that this rock was subjected to higher-pressure metamorphism than previously realized. We employed various calibrations of the Fe2+ − Mg exchange thermometer and calculations of equilibria with thermodynamic data, considering the calcium–Tschermak's component (CaAl2SiO6), of garnet-pyroxene pairs. From these calculations, it is concluded that the eclogitic lenses have recorded at least four stages of mineral growth corresponding to the following: Stage I (prograde) c. 2.4 GPa; 700 °C; Stage IIa (maximum recorded grade) c. 7.0 GPa; 1100 °C; Stage IIb (retrograde) c. 3.7 GPa; 900 °C; Stage III (retrograde) c. 2.1 GPa; 750 °C. Because of the preservation of Stage I, a relatively rapid subduction and exhumation of Alpe Arami eclogite is suggested. The exhumation path of the eclogitic rock is in good agreement with most exhumation paths inferred for the Alpe Arami garnet lherzolite proposed previously by several authors based upon a variety of different observations, although the eclogite and peridotite exhumation paths may diverge at depths greater than 120 km.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 23 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Integrated petrological and structural investigations of eclogites from the eclogite zone of the Voltri Massif (Ligurian Alps) have been used to reconstruct a complete Alpine P–T deformation path from burial by subduction to subsequent exhumation. The early metamorphic evolution of the eclogites has been unravelled by correlating garnet zonation trends with the chemical variations in inclusions found in the different garnet domains. Garnet in massive eclogites displays typical growth zoning, whereas garnet in foliated eclogites shows rim-ward resorption, likely related to re-equilibration during retrogressive evolution. Garnet inclusions are distinctly different from core to rim, consisting primarily of Ca-, Na/Ca-amphibole, epidote, paragonite and talc in garnet cores and of clinopyroxene ± talc in the outer garnet domains. Quantitative thermobarometry on the inclusion assemblages in the garnet cores defines an initial greenschist-to-amphibolite facies metamorphic stage (M1 stage) at c. 450–500 °C and 5–8 kbar. Coexistence of omphacite + talc + katophorite inclusion assemblage in the outer garnet domains indicate c. 550 °C and 20 kbar, conditions which were considered as minimum P–T estimates for the M2 eclogitic stage. The early phase of retrograde reactions is polyphase and equilibrated under epidote–blueschist facies (M3 stage), characterized by the development of composite reaction textures (garnet necklaces and fluid-assisted Na-amphibole-bearing symplectites) produced at the expense of the primary M2 garnet-clinopyroxene assemblage. The blueschist retrogression is contemporaneous with the development of a penetrative deformation (D3) that resulted in a non-coaxial fabric, with dominant top-to-the-N sense of shear during rock exhumation. All of that is overprinted by a texturally late amphibolite/greenschist facies assemblages (M4 & M5 stages), which are not associated with a penetrative structural fabric. The combined P–T deformation data are consistent with an overall counter-clockwise path, from the greenschist/amphibolite, through the eclogite, the blueschist to the greenschist facies. These new results provide insights into the dynamic evolution of the Tertiary oceanic subduction processes leading to the building up of the Alpine orogen and the mechanisms involved in the exhumation of its high-pressure roots.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 80 (1991), S. 369-389 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Geothermobarometric studies of plutonic and medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of the Odenwald (SW Germany) provide data for the construction of PT-paths of four different crustal sections within a part of a magmatic arc of the Mid-European Hercynian orogen. The evolution of the thermal structure of the Odenwald is characterized by an early geotherm of 35–40°C/km after crustal stacking involving rocks with medium pressure relics. Peak PT-conditons reached 4–5 kbar and 650°C. Only rocks of the northernmost Odenwald show evidence for PT conditions related to a higher geotherm at this time. Early uplift occurred during normal oblique sinistral strike shear. The central Odenwald was uplifted into a level corresponding to 3 kbar during intrusion of calcalkaline magmas. The northernmost Odenwald subsided at the same time, as proved by an anticlockwise PT-path. Subsequently, in the southern and eastern Odenwald, rapid uplift caused a further increase of the geotherm to 60–80°C/km. This is concomitant with extension and granitoid intrusions. Crustal thickening in the Odenwald is restricted to an early phase during the Devonian. The magmatic arc developed within a »pull-apart«-like structure during the Lower Carboniferous.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Odenwald (sud-ouest de l'Allemagne), l'étude géothermobarométrique de roches plutoniques et de roches métamorphiques de degré moyen à élevé fournit les données qui permettent la construction de trajets (P, T) relatifs à quatre sections crustales dans une partie d'un arc magmatique de l'orogène varisque d'Europe. Le début de l'évolution de la structure thermique de l'Odenwald a été marqué par un gradient géothermique de 35–40°C/Km, en suite à un empilement crustal impliquant des roches qui contiennent des reliques de pression moyenne. Les conditions (P, T) du métamorphisme maximal furent de 4–5 Kbar et 650°C. Seules les roches de l'Odenwald septentrional témoignent d'un gradient plus élevé à cette époque. Un soulèvement hâtif s'est produit le long de zones de cisaillement sénestres. Concomitamment à l'intrusion de magmas calcoalcalins, l'Odenwald central a été le siège d'un soulèvement jusqu'à un niveau correspondant à 3 Kbar. En même temps, l'Odenwald septentrional s'affaissait, comme en témoigne uu trajet (P, T) anti-horlogique. Par la suite, dans l'Odenwald méridional et oriental, une montée rapide associée à un processus d'extension et à l'intrusion de magmas granitoïdes a amené le gradient géothermique à des valeurs de 60 à 80° /Km. L'épaississement crustal est cantonné à une phaseprécoce d'âge dévonien, tandis que l'arc magmatique s'est développé dans une structure ra pullapart « au cours du Carbonifère inférieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Geothermobarometrische Untersuchungen an Plutoniten und mittelbis hochgradigen Metamorphiten des Odenwaldes ermöglichen die Konstruktion von PT-Pfaden für vier Krustenabschnitte in einem Teil eines variszischen magmatischen Gürtels. Zu Beginn der Entwicklung der thermischen Struktur des magmatischen Gürtels stellte sich ein Geotherm von 35–40°C/km nach einer Krustenstapelung ein, in die Gesteine mit Mitteldruckrelikten einbezogen wurden. Die PT-Bedingungen zum Höhepunkt der Metamorphose erreichten 4–5 kbar und 650°C. Nur Gesteine des nördlichen Odenwaldes belegen PT-Bedingungen, die auf einen höheren Geotherm zu dieser Zeit hinweisen. Frühe Hebung fand entlang von Schrägabschiebungen statt. Der zentrale Odenwald wurde bei gleichzeitiger Intrusion kalkalkaliner Magmen in ein Niveau entsprechend 3 kbar gehoben. Der nördliche Odenwald sank gleichzeitig ab, wie durch einen gegen den Uhrzeigersinn gerichteten PT-Pfad belegt wird. Im südlichen und östlichen Odenwald bewirkte danach schnelle Hebung einen weiteren Anstieg des Geotherms auf 60–80°C/km verbunden mit Dehnung und Intrusion granitoider Magmen. Während Krustenverdickung auf eine frühe Phase im Devon beschränkt ist, entwickelt sich der magmatische Gürtel im Bereich des Odenwaldes im Unterkarbon innerhalb einer » pull apart «-ähnlichen Struktur.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 432 (1977), S. 115-119 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Thermal Decomposition of TlFeO2 to TlFe5O8 and α-Fe2O3The thermal decomposition of TlFeO2 above 800°C under Argon leads to α-Fe2O3. During this process a new phase, TlFe5O8, was observed. The stoichiometry of this new compound was determined by DTA-TG measurements. The Guinier-photograph showed that TlFe5O8 crystallizes hexagonal-rhombohedral with a = 5.928 Å, c = 35.93 Å, c/a = 6.06 and Z = 6 formula units (molar volume 109.8 cm3) in the elementary cell.
    Notes: Die thermische Zersetzung von TlFeO2 unter Argon führt oberhalb 800°C zu α-Fe2O3, wobei die Phase TlFe5O8 durchlaufen wird. Die Stöchiometrie dieser neuen Verbindung wurde aus DTA-TG-Messungen ermittelt. Nach Guinier-Aufnahmen kristallisiert TlFe5O8 hexagonalrhomboedrisch mit a = 5,928 Å, c = 35,93 Å, c/a = 6,06 und Z = 6 Formeleinheiten (Molvolumen 109,8 cm3) in der Elementarzelle.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-04-19
    Description: Sodic pyroxene is reported from an Ordovician metatrachyte of the Kaczawa Mountains, SW Poland. Its composition ranges from Jd0.98Ae0.02 to Jd0.15Ae0.85. Relict jadeite and phengite (up to 3.75 Si atoms per fomula unit) belong to the peak-pressure assemblage of an early HP-LT event. Later greenschist-facies stages are represented by riebeckite, biotite, chlorite, low-Si potassic white mica and actinolite. P-T pseudosections calculated for the range 200-450{degrees}C, 3-13 kbar allow evaluation of the conditions formation of jadeite in the metatrachyte and derivaton of a P-T path. Considering the position of prograde, peak and retrograde metamorphic assemblages and respective mineral compositions, we can derive the following equilibration stages: 8.5{+/-}0.5 kbar, 270{+/-}20{degrees}C for the pressure maximum, 6.0{+/-}1.0 kbar, 310{+/-}20{degrees}C for the temperature maximum and 3.5{+/-}0.5 kbar, 280{+/-}20{degrees}C as well as
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-12-01
    Description: A lenticular metagabbro crops out in an early Palaeozoic metasedimentary sequence at Nurra, northwest Sardinia. The metagabbro consists of variable proportions of early-formed coarse-grained albite, chlorite, epidote and apatite, later biotite and amphibole, and late stilpnomelane. Clinopyroxene and ilmenite are rare relict igneous minerals; albite has completely replaced primary plagioclase.The metamorphic evolution of the Nurra metagabbro has been investigated by pseudosection modelling for a fixed bulk-rock composition in the Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (NCKFMASH) model system with added Ti and Mn in the P–T range 1–11 kbar and 150–450°C. The P–T path of the metagabbro is a loop with a prograde segment overprinted bt later metamorphic re-equilibration. The pressure peak was at =7 kbar and ~400°C. The subsequent temperature peak, at ~440°C, was accompanied by a decrease in pressure to ~3 kbar. The final P–T evolution of the metagabbro is characterized by near-isobaric cooling to 250–300°C, with the formation of stilpnomelane. The P–T path of the Nurra gabbro is typical of continental orogenic belts that have undergone crustal thickening.
    Print ISSN: 0026-461X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-8022
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2015-04-02
    Description: We present a numerical modeling approach to infer timescales of the exhumation and cooling history recorded in the chemical composition of minerals in a garnet pyroxenite from the Granulitgebirge, Saxony/Germany. The studied sample contains remarkable exsolution textures from former megacrysts that produced up to millimeter-wide, alternating lamellae of garnet (Grt) and clinopyroxene (Cpx). Compositional profiles of major and minor elements measured with the electron microprobe perpendicular to the Grt-Cpx interfaces reveal systematic zoning patterns for Fe, Mg, Al, Si, Cr, Ti in clinopyroxene and Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn in garnet, respectively. In addition to simple thermal modeling that is used to constrain the conditions of emplacement of the Granulitgebirge Massif at shallow crustal levels, we combine thermodynamic data with a numerical finite difference scheme that simulates growth and simultaneous diffusive exchange between garnet and clinopyroxene along a virtual cooling path. The latter model assumes local equilibrium at the interface. Diffusive fluxes are constrained by mass balance. It is shown that zoning patterns such as Fe-Mg exchange between garnet and clinopyroxene can be used to extract cooling rates and thus timescales of exhumation, while the profiles for the minor elements are provisionally related to the growth history of the lamellae. Furthermore, zoning profiles in the lamellae can only be reproduced with ultrahigh cooling rates similar to contact metamorphic conditions. This in turn, suggests that the massif was emplaced at temperatures above 900 °C in agreement with the observed spatial extent of a contact aureole within low-grade metasedimentary rocks surrounding the granulite massif as predicted by thermal modeling. Exhumation of the massif without cooling below 900 °C requires an exhumation rate of several centimeters per year. Thus, we propose an almost isothermal exhumation period of ~1 Ma followed by isobaric cooling from 900 to 600 °C within less than 10 ka.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈p〉The timing of shearing along the Vaikrita Thrust, the upper structural boundary of the Main Central Thrust Zone in the Garhwal Himalaya, was constrained by combined microstructural, microchemical and geochronological investigations. Three different biotite–muscovite growth and recrystallization episodes were observed: a relict mica-1; mica-2 along the main mylonitic foliation; and mica-3 in coronitic structures around garnet during its breakdown. Electron microprobe analyses of biotite showed chloritization and a bimodal composition of biotite-2 in one sample. Muscovite-2 and muscovite-3 differed in composition from each other. Biotite and muscovite 〈sup〉39〈/sup〉Ar–〈sup〉40〈/sup〉Ar age spectra from all samples showed both inter- and intra-sample discrepancies. Biotite step-ages ranged between 8.6 and 16 Ma and muscovite step-ages between 3.6 and 7.8 Ma. These ages cannot be interpreted as ‘cooling ages’ because samples from the same outcrop cooled simultaneously. Instead, the Ar systematics reflect sample-specific recrystallization markers. Intergrown impurities were diagnosed by the Ca/K ratios. The age data of biotite were interpreted as a mixture of true biotite-2 (9.00 ± 0.10 Ma) and two alteration products. The negative Cl/K–age correlation identified a Cl-poor muscovite-2 (〉7 Ma) and a Cl-rich, post-deformational, coronitic muscovite-3 grown at ≤5.88 ± 0.03 Ma. The Vaikrita Thrust was active at least from 9 to 6 Ma at 〈i〉c.〈/i〉 600°C; its movement had ended by 6 Ma.〈/p〉 〈p〉〈b〉Supplementary material:〈/b〉 Thermometric and 〈sup〉39〈/sup〉Ar–〈sup〉40〈/sup〉Ar data are available at 〈a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4069076"〉https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4069076〈/a〉〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-03-03
    Description: A suite of samples collected mainly from river cobbles in the Mt. Hibernia Complex in SE Jamaica includes metamorphosed basaltic and clastic sedimentary rocks, which are interpreted here as part of a Cretaceous accretionary prism. The metabasic rocks occur as blueschists and greenschists, whereas the metasedimentary rocks are former greywackes s.l ., or psammopelites, and can now be characterized as phyllites. Eight characteristic mineral assemblages can be defined within the metabasic sample suite, involving amphibole (Na amphibole and/or actinolite), pumpellyite, lawsonite, epidote, chlorite, titanite, phengite, albite and quartz. Augite is an important relict phase of the magmatic source rocks. White mica, chlorite and quartz predominate in the phyllites in variable proportions, but Na amphibole, epidote, albite and titanite may also be important. Calculated P–T pseudosections show that the assemblage glaucophane–pumpellyite–chlorite occurs only in a restricted field along the lower P–T limit of the blueschist facies. Pseudosections also indicate that peak P–T conditions for the blueschist samples studied here lie in the range 6.5–7.2 kbar and 310–340°C, that is at the upper stability limit of pumpellyite and lawsonite, and in the range 6.4–7.8 kbar and 340–380°C for greenschist samples. The P–T range for phyllites overlaps with both. Thus, blueschists and greenschists represent comparable pressure but different temperature conditions of formation. Literature data on the mapped distribution of metabasic rock types suggests an isobaric metamorphic field gradient in the Mt. Hibernia Complex, with temperatures increasing slightly but significantly from blueschist to greenschist zones. We interpret this gradient as reflecting either increasing temperatures in the accretionary complex away from the subducting slab or thermal re-equilibration in a cooling subduction zone. Sodium-Ca amphiboles, predominantly winchite, are commonly observed as rims around Na amphibole and formed together with albite porphyroblasts during decompression. Comparison with published information on the miscibility gap between Na and Ca amphiboles shows that many of these compositions fall within this gap for temperatures around 350°C. Thus, these amphiboles either grew metastably below the critical temperature of the gap, or some as yet undefined parameter must be responsible for drastically altering the shape of the gap. Published descriptions of deformation in the Mt. Hibernia Complex show that coaxial pure shear initially predominates, as is common in accretionary complexes; however, a late shearing event, postulated here to be caused by the collision between the Great Arc of the Caribbean and the continental margin of North America at 75–70 Ma, is held responsible for the rapid exhumation of the combined blueschist–greenschist sequence.
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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