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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Restoration of a Limestone Quarry: Effect of Soil Amendments on the Establishment of Native Mediterranean Sclerophyllous Shrubs (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Limestone quarries are spread over the Mediterranean Basin and have a strong environmental impact on the landscape, causing vegetation losses and soil losses. A reclamation project was conducted in a limestone quarry, situated in Arrábida Natural Park (southwest Portugal), that is dominated by mediterranean vegetation. Revegetation was conducted using three evergreen sclerophyllous shrub species (Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europaea, and Pistacia lentiscus), and new techniques were assayed to improve plant water status and nutrient status during the first phases after plantation. A water-holding polymer (gel), fertilizer, and mycorrhiza inoculum were applied in a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The success of these techniques was evaluated during 1.5 years, through monitoring of growth and ecophysiology of plants. Plant survival was high, the lowest values (95%) being recorded in C. siliqua. There were species-specific responses to the treatments applied. Ceratonia siliqua showed the highest growth rates and was the only species with growth stimulated by fertilizer application. However, the application of fertilizer induced changes in leaf characteristics of the other two species, increasing chlorophyll and nitrogen contents. Mycorrhiza inoculum had no effect on plant response. The addition of the water-holding polymer induced higher midday plant water potentials in C. siliqua, O. europaea, and P. lentiscus, but in the latter two species the simultaneous addition of gel and fertilizer induced the lowest water potentials. The addition of fertilizer and gel is recommended in future revegetation programs but not the combination of both when revegetating with O. europaea and P. lentiscus. The results of this experiment indicate that the use of these mediterranean species, adapted to nutrient and water stress, can circumvent harsh conditions of the quarry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-2971.2004.00256.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of N-nutrition and irrigation on fruit production of carob (Ceratonia siliqua) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 89 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A combined fertilization and irrigation experiment was initiated in order to see whether such treatment could improve the productivity of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata) on Mediterranean marginal lands. Mature carob trees (20–30 years old) were submitted to 3 different irrigation levels (100%;, 50%; and 0%;) based on daily standard evaporation values, measured with a class A pan. For each water level either 21 or 63 kg N ha−1 was applied as ammonium nitrate. The results reported here refer to a two-year experiment, and show that the productivity of the trees could be improved due to a positive interaction between water and N application. In addition, they suggest that also under the normal dry conditions of these Mediterranean systems nitrogen application is effective, even without irrigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05232.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake regions of inorganic nitrogen in roots of carob seedlings (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 95 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Three-week-old seedlings of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata) were grown for 9 weeks under different root temperatures (20, 30 and 40°C) at pH values of 5, 7 and 9 with nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen source. Nitrogen uptake rates were determined by depletion from the medium and decreased with distance from the apex. The decline of nitrogen uptake rates along the roots depended on the form of inorganic nitrogen in the medium as well as on pH and temperature, such that the NO−3 and NH+4 ions were taken up essentially by the root tips (0–2 cm) through processes requiring energy. The uncharged NH3 species entered passively, through the mature parts of the root (2–10 cm). Root zone temperature and pH affect the NH+4/NH3 equilibrium in the nutrient solution and, consequently, the uptake areas of the root for these ions. Furthermore. while root tip uptake of nitrogen is energy dependent, uptake through mature root areas is essentially passive and seems to depend on a well developed apparent free space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1995.tb00824.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake of ammonium and nitrate by carob (Ceratonia siliqua) as affected by root temperature and inhibitors (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 89 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seedlings of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata) were grown in nutrient solution culture for 5 weeks, with or without nitrogen at different root temperatures (10, 16, 22, 30, 35 or 40deg;C) and with the air temperature kept between 20 and 24°C. The nitrogen was given as either ammonium or nitrate. At all root temperatures studied, nitrogen-depleted plants developed higher net uptake rates for nitrogen than plants grown in the presence of nitrogen. Temperature affected the kinetic parameters of nitrate uptake more than those of ammonium uptake. With increasing root temperature, the Km of ammonium uptake decreased, but to a lesser extent than the Km for nitrate. The increase in Vmax of ammonium uptake with temperature was also less noticeable than that for nitrate uptake. Ammonium and nitrate uptakes were inhibited in a similar way by respiratory or protein synthesis inhibitors. It may be noted that ammonium uptake in the presence of inhibitors at 40°C was higher than uptake at 10°C without inhibitors. Some similarities between the transport mechanisms for nitrate and ammonium are underlined in the present work. Components of both transport systems displayed saturation kinetics and depended on protein synthesis and energy. The following components of nitrate uptake were distinguished: (a) a passive net influx into the apparent free space; (b) a constitutive active uptake and (c) active uptake dependent on protein synthesis. We may similarly define three ammonium uptake systems: (a) a passive influx into the apparent free space; (b) passive diffusion uptake at high temperature and (c) active uptake dependent on protein synthesis. The possible role of the ratio between mechanism (c) and mechanism (b) as determinant of ammonium sensitivity is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05210.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of nitrogen source on photosynthesis of carob at high CO2 concentrations (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 89 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Carob seedlings (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv. Mulata), fed with nitrate or ammonium, were grown in growth chambers containing two levels of CO2 (360 or 800 μl l−1), three root temperatures (15, 20 or 25°C), and the same shoot temperature (20/24°C, night/day temperature). The response of the plants to CO2 enrichment was affected by environmental factors such as the type of inorganic nitrogen in the medium and root temperature. Increasing root temperature enhanced photosynthesis rate more in the presence of nitrate than in the presence of ammonium. Differences in photosynthetic products were also observed between nitrate- and ammonium-fed carob seedlings. Nitrate-grown plants showed an enhanced content of sucrose, while ammonium led to enhanced storage of starch. Increase in root temperature caused an increase in dry mass of the plants of similar proportions in both nitrogen sources. The enhancement of the rates of photosynthesis by CO2 enrichment was proportionally much larger than the resulting increases in dry mass production when nitrate was the nitrogen source. Ammonium was the preferred nitrogen source for carob at both ambient and high CO2 concentrations. The level of photosynthesis of a plant is limited not only by atmospheric CO2 concentration but also by the nutritional and environmental conditions of the root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1993.tb05212.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethylene production by carob (Ceratonia siliqua) callus cultures on varying media (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 58 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Carob callus from hypocotyl segments produced ethylene in different amounts which were related to the composition of the medium and age of the callus. Both light and darkness stimulated high levels of ethylene production. No correlation was found between growth rate and ethylene production under dark conditions. In the light, a significant correlation was found, indicating that ethylene production and growth rate follow one another. Culture medium was the most important factor in controlling the growth rate and ethylene production. The highest values of ethylene production were obtained on media showing highest callus growth rate. These studies seem to indicate that most of the ethylene produced is a by-product of metabolic changes during carob callus development, though, under certain conditions, the initial evolution could regulate growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04170.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water relations of crok-oak (Quercus suber L.) under natural conditions (1992)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 99-100 (1992), S. 199-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Mediterranean climate ; Montado ; Quercus suber ; Soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductivity ; Stomatal conductance ; Transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Daily and annual courses of leaf transpiration, stomatal conductance and shoot water potential of four Quercus suber individuals were compared in a semi-natural stand in southwest Portugal, from spring 1989 to early summer 1990. The trees investigated showed annual patterns typical of evergreen sclerophyllous species but varied in their range of stomatal operation. This appeared to be related to differences in hydraulic conductivity in the root-to-leaf pathway. Maximum stomatal conductance and transpiration rates occurred from March to June. Water stress was found to be moderate and winter cold stress due to low air and soil temperatures appeared to have an influence on plant water balance through their effects on flow resistances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118226
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variations of leaf water potential and growth in fertigated carob-trees (Ceratonia siliqua L.) (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 172 (1995), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: branch length ; carob ; Ceratonia siliqua ; evaporation ; fertilization ; irrigation ; leaf water potential ; soil water content ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Variations of predawn and midday leaf water potential and relative growth rates were studied in mature carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua L. cv “Mulata”) submitted to a fertigation experiment. Three levels of irrigation were tested: 0%, 50% and 100%, based on daily standard evaporation values. For each irrigation level two nitrogen amounts were applied −21 and 63 kg N ha-1 year-1 as ammonium nitrate. The experiment was run between July 91 and August 1993. Measurements of leaf water potential and absolute branch length increments were made at monthly intervals, during the entire experimental period or during seasonal growth, respectively. Leaf water potential was related to soil volumetric water content, maximum and minimum air temperature and daily evaporation. Predawn leaf water potentials were always higher than −1.1 MPa. Midday leaf water potential values presented very large seasonal variations and very low values independent of treatments. The low leaf water potentials observed for the fertigated trees during summer, suggest that this parameter may be related not only to the evaporative demand but also to growth investment. The amount of fertigation was positively correlated with vegetative growth increment and fruit production. Practical implications for irrigation schedules of leaf water potential patterns together with drought adaptation mechanisms of carob tree are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011322
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of carbohydrates in micropropagation of cork oak (1995)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 40 (1995), S. 159-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbon source ; micropropagation ; Quercus suber ; reducing sugars ; rooting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influences of carbon sources, fructose, glucose, sorbitol and sucrose on shoot proliferation and in vitro rooting of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) were compared at a wide range of concentrations (1–6%, w/v). The highest number of shoots occurred on glucose-containing medium. Nevertheless, we have chosen 3% sucrose which induced a similar rate of proliferation but favoured shoot elongation, permitting an effectively higher number of shoots during transfers. Sorbitol and autoclaved fructose did not stimulate shoot proliferation. Adventitious root formation was strongly dependent on carbohydrate supply. Sorbitol and autoclaved fructose were completely ineffectively on rooting induction. Glucose was the most effective carbon source on rooting promotion followed by sucrose and filter-sterilized fructose. The rooting response induced by fructose was dependent on the sterilizing procedure. The number of adventitious roots produced per shoot increased with increasing glucose and sucrose concentration. The content of reducing sugars in leaves of proliferation cultures and in leaves and roots of rooted plantlets was more dependent on carbon concentration than on glucose or sucrose supplement. The results presented here show that carbohydrate requirements during cork oak micropropagation depend upon the phase of culture. Sucrose (3%) and glucose (4%) were the best carbon sources respectively during proliferation and rooting phases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037670
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  • 10
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    The ecological performance of metallophyte plants thriving in geochemical islands is explained by the Inclusive Niche Hypothesis (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-23
    Description: Aims The Inclusive Niche Hypothesis has not been validated for plants using ecophysiological performance. The few experiments have measured growth and competition but not the physiological response of plants. A metallophyte plant that hyperaccumulates aluminium (Al), Plantago almogravensis , showed a defined spatial distribution by occurring mostly on vegetation gaps associated with metalliferous areas (geochemical islands). This case was used to determine, in situ , whether the Inclusive Niche Hypothesis was suitable to explain the extent of the species realized niche. Methods The vegetation associated with P. almogravensis geochemical islands in the SW coast of Portugal was mapped. The biotic (neighbouring plants) and abiotic (edaphic) components of the niche were correlated with parameters of the plant’s ecological and physiological performances (plant density and cover; leaf C and N concentration and isotopic composition; growth). The results were obtained using image analysis, abundance and morphological measures, isotopic signatures and chemical composition. Important Findings The species showed better physiological performance where its ecological performance was lower due to trade-offs with environmental constraints. The species’ realized niche was mostly limited by shrub competition and soil Al-toxicity. These limits contribute to explain the rarity status of the species: the species has a poor capacity to compete but, due to an enhanced Al-tolerance and Al-hyperaccumulator trait, has the ability to find refuge in geochemical islands that are too harsh for most other species. This work, based on ecophysiological field studies, provides support for the Inclusive Niche Hypothesis relating to plant species.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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