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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term depletion of calcium and other nutrients in eastern US forests (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 593-601 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Acid precipitation ; Biomass nutrients ; Calcium ; Clearcutting ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Soil leaching ; Soil nutrients ; Timber harvest ; Weathering ; Whole-tree harvest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Both harvest removal and leaching losses can deplete nutrient capital in forests, but their combined long-term effects have not been assessed previously. We estimated changes in total soil and biomass N, Ca, K, Mg, and P over 120 years from published data for a spruce-fir site in Maine, two northern hardwood sites in New Hampshire, central hardwood sites in Connecticut and Tennessee, and a loblolly pine site in Tennessee. For N, atmospheric inputs counterbalance the outputs, and there is little long-term change on most sites. For K, Mg, and P, the total pool may decrease by 2%–10% in 120 years depending on site and harvest intensity. For Ca, net leaching loss is 4–16 kg/ha/yr in mature forests, and whole-tree harvest removes 200–1100 kg/ha. Such leaching loss and harvest removal could reduce total soil and biomass Ca by 20%–60% in only 120 years. We estimated unmeasured Ca inputs from rock breakdown, root-zone deepening, and dry deposition; these should not be expected to make up the Ca deficit. Acid precipitation may be the cause of current high leaching of Ca. Although Ca deficiency does not generally occur now in acid forest soils, it seems likely if anthropogenic leaching and intensive harvest removal continue.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874965
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of forest clearcutting in New England on stream macroinvertebrates and periphyton (1986)
    Springer
    Environmental management 10 (1986), S. 661-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Logging ; Stream biology ; Watershed management ; Aquatic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Clearcutting may alter stream biota by changing light, temperature, nutrients, sediment particle size, or food in the stream. We sampled macroinvertebrates during late summer of 1979 in first and second order headwater streams draining both two- and three-year-old clearcuts and nearby uncut reference areas in northern New England, USA. Periphyton were sampled throughout the summer by placing microscope slides in these streams for 13–37 days. Periphyton cell densities on these slides following incubation were about six times higher in cutover than in reference streams. Green algae (Chlorophyceae) accounted for a higher proportion of total cell numbers in cutover than in reference streams, whereas diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) dominated the reference streams. The macroinvertebrate density in cutover streams was 2–4 times greater than that in the reference streams, but the number of taxa collected was similar in both cutover and reference streams. Higher numbers of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and/or true flies (Diptera) in the cutover streams accounted for the differences. Because nutrient concentrations in the cutover streams were nearly the same as those in the reference streams, these differences in macroinvertebrate and periphyton densities were apparently caused by higher light levels and temperature in the streams in the clearcuts. Leaving buffer strips along streams will reduce changes in stream biology associated with clearcutting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01866770
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Watershed factors affecting stream acidification in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Acid precipitation ; Acidification ; New Hampshire ; Ponds ; Rock weathering ; Stream chemistry ; Streams ; White Mountains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The streams tributary to acidic Cone Pond, pH 4.5–4.8, and circumneutral Black Pond, pH 5.3–6.4, in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, USA, were monitored for a year. The watersheds of these two ponds were characterized in terms of geology and stream hydrology. Chemical gradients and patterns in rock weathering and groundwater discharge explain many of the differences in mineral content and acidity of the streams. The rocks of Black watershed produced an average of ten times the equivalent of basic cations as rocks from Cone watershed. This is on the same order as the difference in acidity of the two streams. Down-stream changes in stream chemistry follow differing patterns, but reflect the same principle of residence time and water path length controlling chemical evolution of streamwater. Watershed and aquatic managers may use these parameters in an inexpensive and simple assessment of the susceptibility of individual streams and ponds to acidification. A method is recommended to determine quickly the potential influence of bedrock type to aquatic chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867179
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomass and nutrient removals from commercial thinning and whole-tree clearcutting of central hardwoods (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 659-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Organic matter ; Watershed management ; Connecticut ; Forest utilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this research was to evaluate the impacts of increasing product removal on biomass and nutrient content of a central hardwood forest ecosystem. Commercial thinning, currently the most common harvesting practice in southern New England, was compared with whole-tree clearcutting or maximum aboveground utilization. Using a paired-watershed approach, we studied three adjacent, first-order streams in Connecticut. During the winter of 1981–82, one was whole-tree clearcut, one was commercially thinned, and one was designated as the untreated reference. Before treatment, living and dead biomass and soil on the whole-tree clearcut site contained 578 Mg ha−1 organic matter, 5 Mg ha−1 nitrogen, 1 Mg ha−1 phosphorus, 5 Mg ha−1 potassium, 4 Mg ha−1 calcium, and 13 Mg ha−1 magnesium. An estimated 158 Mg ha−1 (27% of total organic matter) were removed during the whole-tree harvest. Calcium appeared to be the nutrient most susceptible to depletion with 13% of total site Ca removed in whole-tree clearcut products. In contrast, only 4% (16 Mg ha−1) of the total organic matter and ⩽2% of the total nutrients were removed from the thinned site. Partial cuts appear to be a reliable management option, in general, for minimizing nutrient depletion and maximizing long-term productivity of central hardwood sites. Additional data are needed to evaluate the long-term impacts of more intensive harvests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01880165
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Similitude in exploding wires (1975)
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 15 (1975), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Conditions for similarity have been derived for phenomena involving an exploding wire, propagation of the resulting shock through a fluid, and inelastic deformation or fracture of a structure. This analysis considers the capacitance, voltage and material properties of the exploding wire, as well as the geometry and material properties of the fluid and structure. Model experiments involving large inelastic deformation of aluminum diaphragms agree well with the theoretical predictions. Comparison of deformations due to chemical explosives and exploding wires has been made in an effort to establish an ‘equivalence’ between chemical and electrical explosions. The purpose of this is to provide a basis for using small-scale experiments with exploding wires to predict the performance of larger systems using chemical explosives. The exploding wire appears to provide a precise loading for small-scale structural-model experiments and explosion-forming experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319736
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of storm characteristics on sulfate in precipitation (1984)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 23 (1984), S. 359-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The effects of storm dynamics on precipitation chemistry were examined using an atmospheric budget for SO4 − . One hundred storms occurring between 1975 and 1978 at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire were used as test data. Concentrations of major ions were usually greater in convective storms than in continuous or layer storms. For example the geometric mean concentrations of SO4 − in convective and continuous storms were 4.1 and 1.1 mg L−1, respectively. Higher SO4 − concentrations also occurred when surface wind directions were south or southwest. The summer maximum in convective activity along with the seasonal dependence of surface wind directions and the seasonal atmospheric chemistry cycle can account for the summer maximum in SO4 − concentrations observed in the northeastern United States.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284732
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Long-Term Precipitation Chemistry Measurements at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 359-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidic deposition ; acid rain ; NADP ; precipitation chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract From 1978 through 1989, a wet-onlyprecipitation collector operated for the NationalAtmospheric Deposition Program, an independantwet-only collector, and a bulk precipitation collectorwere co-located at the Hubbard Brook ExperimentalForest (HBEF) in central New Hampshire. A secondbulk precipitation collector was maintained at anotherlocation within the HBEF. There were statisticallysignificant differences between the chemistry fromco-located wet-only collections for Ca2+,K+, NH4 +, pH, and NO3 -. Thedifferences for K+ and pH though statisticallysignificant were very small but consistant. Thedifferences for Ca2+ were related to earlycontamination problems, and differences inNH4 + and NO3 - were related toepisotic events. Bulk precipitation was significantlyricher in K+ than wet-only precipitation. Therewere no differences for any ions between the bulkcollections at the two locations. While there wereminor differences, after 1981 when the contaminationproblems had been resolved, data from all collectorsat all locations adequately characterized theprecipitation chemistry of the site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005258723010
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitation and streamwater chemistry from undisturbed watersheds in the cascade mountains of Oregon (1988)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 42 (1988), S. 203-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long-term records of precipitation and streamwater chemistry are rare; such records from forested watersheds relatively free of acidic deposition are even rarer. Precipitation and streamwater chemistry have been measured on two undisturbed forested watersheds at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest located on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. Data from one watershed spans the period 1973–1985, the other 1969–1985. The mean annual pH of precipitation was 5.5 with a range of 4.7 to 6.0. HCO3 − was the dominant anion; Ca2+ and Na+ were the dominant cations. The mean annual pH of streamwater was 7.3, and was dominated by HCO3 − and Ca2+. These data contrast sharply with data from other calibrated watersheds in the north Cascade Mountains of Washington and British Columbia, and with data from New Hampshire and North Carolina where pH of precipitation averages 4.14 and 4.43, respectively, with SO4 2− the dominant anion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282402
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  • 9
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    Effects of Forest Clearcutting in New England on Stream Chemistry (1984)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1984-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0047-2425
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-2537
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Similitude in exploding wires (1975)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1975-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4851
    Electronic ISSN: 1741-2765
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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