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Foliar Fertilization of Soybean at Early Vegetative Stages (1998)

Haq, Mazhar U. ; Mallarino, Antonio P.

Springer

Semigroup forum 90 (1998), S. 763-769

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar fertilization during reproductive stages has been inconsistent. This study evaluated soybean responses to foliar applications of a 3-8-15 (N-P-K) fertilizer at early vegetative stages in 48 trials conducted on Iowa soils that tested mostly optimum or above in P and K. In 1994, the treatments were a control, single applications of 19,28, or 38L ha-1 at the V5 stage, and 38 or 56 L ha-1 split as one-half at the V5 stage and one-half 8 or 9 d later. In 1995 and 1996, only the single rate of 28 L ha-1 and the split rate of 38 L ha-1 were used. The lowest and highest volumes used encompasses N-P-K rates of 0.8-2.1-3.9 to 2.4-6.3-11.7 kg ha-1 . All treatments were replicated four times. Some or all treatments increased yields in seven sites and decreased yields at two sites. Mean yield increases were 60 kg ha-1 in 1994 (not significant), 30 kg ha-1 in 1995 (not significant), 60 kg ha-1 in 1996, and 54 kg ha-1 across the 48 sites. Differences between treatments were small and inconsistent, and the single application of 28 L ha-1 (one of the lowest rates used) produced the highest mean yield increase across all responsive sites (375 kg ha-1 ). In 1994, the higher yield responses occurred on ridge-till and no-till fields and when the P concentration of young plants was low. No treatment caused leaf burning. Foliar fertilization seldom increased P and K concentrations of leaves at the R2 growth stage and did not affect plant maturity, grain moisture, or the weight of grains. No simple set of measurement explained the occurrence of yield responses. Results of factor and regression analyses suggested that responses tended to occur in soils with high cation exchange capacity, when plant-available P was low, and/or when rainfall in spring and midsummer was low. This group of variables explained only 14 to 23% of the responses in different years, however. Effective use of foliar fertilization of soybean at early growth stages in areas with predominantly high-testing soils requires further research to identify the conditions under which positive responses are more likely.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Grain Yield, Early Growth, and Nutrient Uptake of No-Till Soybean as Affected by Phosphorus and Potassium Placement (2000)

Borges, Rogerio ; Mallarino, Antonio P.

Springer

Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 380-387

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This study evaluated plant responses to P and K fertilization and placement in 10 long-term trials and 11 short-term trials in Iowa from 1994 to 1997. Treatments were various P and K rates broadcast, banded with the planter, and deep banded (at a 15- to 20-cm depth). Measurements were plant weight, P uptake, and K uptake at the V5 stage and grain yield. Phosphorus fertilization increased yield when soil-test P (STP) was less than 9 mg P kg−1 (Bray-P1) at a 0- to 15-cm depth or 12 mg P kg−1 at a 0- to 7.5-cm depth. The P placement did not influence yield. The band K placements produced slightly higher yield than the broadcast placement. Responses to K were not related to soil-test K (STK) levels, which varied from 90 to 262 mg K kg−1 (ammonium acetate), or stratification. The P or K placement had little influence on early growth but influenced early P and K uptake. Banding with the planter was more effective than broadcasting for P uptake, and the two band placements were more effective for K uptake. Only the responses of K uptake and grain yield to banded K were correlated across sites. A shallow sampling depth will improve only slightly the prediction of response to P. The observed small no-till soybean yield response to banded K would seldom offset increased application costs in similar soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Soybean Yield and Nutrient Composition as Affected by Early Season Foliar Fertilization (2000)

Haq, Mazhar U. ; Mallarino, Antonio P.

Springer

Semigroup forum 92 (2000), S. 16-29

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to foliar fertilization during early growth stages has received little attention. Recent Iowa research showed a 15% probability of positive yield response to a 3–15–8 (N–P–K) fertilizer applied at the V5 growth stage. This study evaluated the effects of fertilizers varying in N–P–K ratio on soybean grain yield and tissue nutrient composition. Twenty-seven field trials were conducted in soils that tested at or above optimum soil P and K levels for soybean. Six treatments included a control and nonfactorial combinations of rates and application frequency of 28 to 56 L ha−1 of 3–8–15, 10–4–8, and 8–0–7 fertilizers sprayed at the V5 stage. Differences between treatments were inconsistent across sites. Some or all treatments increased or decreased yields significantly at six sites. The mean yield increase or decrease for responsive sites was 400 kg ha−1. The 3–8–15 fertilizer caused no leaf damage and other fertilizers caused little or no damage, although the damage was not clearly related with yield decreases. Analyses by site showed that fertilization seldom increased tissue N–P–K composition, nutrient uptake, photosynthesis, or plant weight measured at the R2 growth stage. Multivariate analyses across sites showed that 27% of the variation in yield response was explained by a combination of N, P, and K availability, vegetative growth, and rainfall. Positive yield responses tended to occur when soil or weather conditions reduced plant growth and nutrient availability. Foliar fertilization across all conditions will not offset the application costs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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Phosphorus and Potasium Placement Effects on Early Growth and Nutrient Uptake of No-Till Corn and Relationships with Grain Yield (1999)

Mallarino, Antonio P. ; Bordoli, José M. ; Borges, Rogerio

Springer

Semigroup forum 91 (1999), S. 37-45

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ISSN: 1432-2137

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Zea mays L.) are usually lower than for conventionally tilled corn in the northern U.S. Corn Belt. Root-zone fertilization is likely to enhance early growth and increase yields. This study evaluated the effects of P and K placement on early growth and P and K uptake of no-till corn, and on relationships between these effects and grain yield response to placement. Ten long-term P and K trials (5 trials each, P and K) were established in 1994 at five research centers and were evaluated for 3 yr; 11 1-yr P-K trials were established in farmers' fields (1994-1996). Treatments several P and K rates (0-56 kg P ha-1; 0-132 kg K ha-1) banded with the planter 5 cm beside and below the seeds and broadcast or deep-banded at a 13- to 18-cm depth before planting. Soil samples were collected before applying the treatments from the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm depths. Soil-test P (0-15 cm) ranged from very low to very high across sites and soil-test K ranged from optimum to very high. Banded P (deep or shallow) increased early growth and P uptake more than the broadcast placement did at most trials. Phosphorus increased yields only in very low and low testing soils, and there was no response to P placement. Banded K (deep or shallow) seldom affected early growth, but usually increased K uptake. Potassium increased yields in several soils that tested optimum or higher in soil-test K, and yields were higher when K was deep banded. Planting onto a fall-applied coulter-knife track without applying P or K often increased early growth and nutrient uptake, but seldom increased yields. Early growth and nutrient uptake responses to banded P did not translate into higher yields. Small but frequent yield responses to deep-banded K were not related to increased early growth, but could be partly explained by increased K uptake. Judging potential effects of P and K placement on grain yields of no-till corn based on effects (or lack of effect) on early growth may be misleading for soils that are not extremely deficient in these nutrients.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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5

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Deep and Shallow Banding of Phosphorus as Alternatives to Broadcast Fertilization for No-Till Corn (1998)

Bordoli, José M. ; Mallarino, Antonio P.

Springer

Agronomy journal 90 (1998), S. 27-33

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ISSN: 1435-0645

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Zea mays L.). Long-term P and K trials were established in 1994 at five Iowa research centers and were evaluated for 3 yr. Eleven short-term P–K trials were established in farmers' fields during the same period. Treatments were various P (0 to 56 kg P ha-1) and K (0 to 132 kg K ha-1) rates broadcast, banded with the planter 5 cm beside and below the seeds, and deep-banded at the 15- to 20-cm depth before planting. Soil samples were collected from the 0- to 7.5-cm and 7.5- to 15-cm depths prior to planting. Soil-test P (PST) at the 0- to 15-cm depth ranged from very low to very high across sites; soil-test K (KST) ranged from optimum to very high. There were grain yield responses to fertilization at several sites, but no significant differences between the P or K rates and no interactions between rates and placements. Phosphorus increased yields only in soils testing very low or low, and there was no response to P placement at any site. Potassium increased yields in several soils that tested optimum or higher in KST, and yields were higher when K was deep-banded. High rates of broadcast or planter-banded K did not offset the advantage of deep-banded K. Responses were better related with deficient rainfall in late spring and early summer than with KST. Current soil-test P interpretation and P fertilizer recommendations based on chisel-plow tillage are appropriate for most Iowa soils managed with no-tillage. Further work is needed to better characterize and predict responses to deep-banded K. Because yield response was small, the cost-effectiveness of deep-band K will be determined largely by application costs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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