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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Digestibility and feeding value of some feed ingredients fed to tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The apparent digestibility of protein, organic matter and energy of high-fibre and fibre-reduced sunflower cakes, Kenya's ‘omena’ fishmeal, anchovy fishmeal and wheat bran were investigated in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fingerlings. The feeding values and protein qualities of the above ingredients were also determined at two dietary protein levels. Fourteen diets were formulated, and each was provided to three tanks containing 12 fish in Expt 1 (digestibility study) and 25 fish in Expt 2 (feeding trial). Water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations were maintained above 26 °C and 5.5 mg L−1 respectively. Anchovy and ‘omena’ fishmeals each had an apparent digestibility coefficient for protein (ADC-P) of 90%, whereas the fibre-reduced and high-fibre sunflower cakes had ADC-P values of 89% and 86%. Wheat bran had an ADC-P value of 75%, which was significantly lower than those found for the other test ingredients. Apparent digestibility coefficients for energy (ADC-E) and digestible energy values (DE) were 86% and 78% and 4003 kcal kg−1 and 3624 kcal kg−1 for anchovy and omena fishmeals respectively. The corresponding values for the plant protein sources were 42% and 30% and 2200 kcal kg−1 and 1400 kcal kg−1 for the fibre-reduced and high-fibre sunflower cakes respectively. Diets based on the fibre-reduced cake had higher levels of all amino acids than those based on the high-fibre cake. Fish fed diets with 30% protein gained 40 g and had a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.87, whereas those fed diets with 20% protein gained 35 g and had a FCR of 2.2. The source of protein had a significant effect on weight gain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00725.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial replacement of fishmeal with sunflower cake and corn oil in diets for tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn): effect on whole body fatty acids (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 34 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of replacing fishmeal with high-fibre and low-fibre sunflower cakes (HFSC and LFSC) on whole body fatty acid composition in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn). Sex-reversed O. niloticus males with an initial weight of approximately 16g ± 0.95 (SD) were used. A control diet based on herring meal and soybean meal was formulated. Six test diets were formulated such that low-fibre (LF) and high-fibre (HF) sunflower cakes (SC) contributed 30%, 60% and 80% of the dietary protein, and the diets were designated as LFSC-30, LFSC-60, LFSC-80, HFSC-30, HFSC-60, and HFSC-80 respectively. All fish were held at 25–28°C. They were fed three times daily their prescribed experimental diets for 70 days. At the end of this period they were starved for 24 h and weighed. Five fish representing the average weight of each replicated group (n=3) were frozen in plastic bags at –22°C for determination of fatty acid composition. Fatty acids in the fish were significantly influenced by diet. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the most abundant fatty acids in both the diets and the fish. Linoleic acid (18:2 ω6) was the most abundant fatty acid in diets based on sunflower cake. The levels of this fatty acid were also higher in fish fed diets with high contents of the sunflower cakes (LFSC-60, LFSC-80 and HFSC-80) (31.3%, 34.7% and 29.7% respectively) than fish fed the control diet (13.8%). Percentages of long chain polyunsaturated acids of the ω-3 family viz., docosahexaenoic (22:6 ω3) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5 ω3) were low in the diets and in the fish bodies. Fish fed the control diet had a higher level of 22:6 ω3 than those fed the other diets. The possible implications of the preceding findings for human health will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2003.00848.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic structure of Lake Magadi tilapia populations (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 56 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The control region of the mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies were significantly different among the two separate lagoon populations of Oreochromis alcalicus grahami in Lake Magadi and of O. a. alcalicus from lake Natron, and DNA fingerprint similarity indices were significantly higher for intra-population comparisons of the two Magadi lagoon populations and the Lake Natron population than the inter-population similarity indices among these populations. A modified Fst measure indicated population sub-division and the phylogeographic partitioning of the VNTR fragments observed were unique to specific populations further indicating substantial genetic differentiation. The lagoon populations within Lake Magadi demonstrated the same degree of genetic differentiation as either of these populations did to the outgroup (the Lake Natron population). There appears to be limited gene flow between Lake Magadi tilapia populations and this population structure has important implications for protecting locally adapted populations within this unique ecosystem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2000.tb00757.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning electron microscopic study of the air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) (1982)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 38 (1982), S. 614-616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl constitute the functional gas exchange units. They anastomose profusely and interlace with each other in 3 dimensions. Air capillaries are not blind-ending tubules as has occasionally been suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327080
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and morphometry of the lungs of two East African mole rats,Tachyoryctes splendens andHeterocephalus glaber (Mammalia, Rodentia) (1992)
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 112 (1992), S. 167-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The lungs of two fossorial rodents, the mole ratTachyoryctes splendens and the naked mole ratHeterocephalus glaber were investigated by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and a comparative morphometric analysis of the lungs carried out in an attempt to find out whether there are any possible structural adaptational features which may be associated with fossoriality. The data from these two ecologically disparate fossorial rodents were compared with those of surface dwelling rodents on which equivalent data are available. Morphologically, the lung ofT. splendens is essentially similar to that of terrestrial mammals while that ofH. glaber shows features of underdevelopment. InH. glaber, a cuboidal epithelium extends down the respiratory tree to line what appear to be alveolar spaces, the blood capillaries constitute a double capillary system and the type I pneumocytes have microvilli on their free surface. Morphometrically,H. glaber has notably lower values indicative of rather unspecialized lungs. While the volume density of the parenchyma is 88% inT. splendens, that inH. glaber is only 76%. The blood-gas (tissue) barrier inH. glaber is notably thicker than inT. splendens. When normalized with body weight, the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier, the pulmonary capillary blood volume, the diffusing capacities of the tissue barrier and of the whole lung are consistently appreciably lower inH. glaber. When compared withMus musculus, Rattus rattus andCavia porcellus, T. splendens has somewhat comparable values with the surface dwelling rodents but the values ofH. glaber are the lowest in the group. It is suggested thatT. splendens has not undergone full adaptation to fossoriality as is supported by its behavioural activities, particularly those of occasionally surfacing to feed and making overland excursions. The low values ofH. glaber may be commensurate with its extreme physiological adaptations for fossoriality, features which culminate in low basal metabolism and may in part explain paedomorphic traits of its respiratory system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01633107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The morphology of the lung of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus (1987)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 250 (1987), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Pneumocyte ; Fish ; Dipnoi ; African lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lung of the African lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) is paired, long and cylindrical. It is situated on the dorsal aspect of the coelomic cavity ventral to the ribs. Much of the gas exchange tissue is found in the proximal aspect of the lung with the caudal part largely taken up by a centrally situated air-duct with a few large peripherally located alveoli. Interalveolar septa, arranged at differing hierarchical levels from the air-duct, subdivide the lung into alveoli, the gas exchange compartments. The alveolar surface is covered by some cells characterized by microvilli on their free surface, while others are devoid of such structures. The general organization of the lung of Protopterus aethiopicus is similar to that of the other genera of Dipnoi, Neoceratodus and Lepidosiren, with the interalveolar septa increasing the surface area for gas exchange through pulmonary compartmentation. The abundant septal smooth muscle fibres and elastic tissue may contribute to the physiomechanical compliance of the lung. The undifferentiated alveolar pneumocytes and the double capillary system, observed in Protopterus, in general appear to characterize the very primitive lungs of the lower air-breathing vertebrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214671
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative allometric study of the morphometry of the gills of an alkalinity adapted cichlid fish,Oreochromis alcalicus grahami, of Lake Magadi, Kenya (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of salt lake research 5 (1996), S. 131-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Lake Magadi ; lagoons ; tilapia ; alkalinity ; gills ; diffusion ; respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A morphometric analysis of the gills ofOreochromis alcalicus grahami has been carried out on specimens from ecologically distinct lagoons and a water-holding tank of Lake Magadi, a highly alkaline salt lake situated in a volcanically active region of the southern part of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya. The data were compared with those fromOreochromis niloticus, a close relative that lives in fresh water and with data from other fresh water and marine fish. Our primary goal was to identify the possible adaptive features which enable the fish to survive in an environment characterized by severely fluctuating levels of oxygen, a condition exacerbated by factors such as high temperature, alkalinity and osmolarity. The specimens ofO. a. grahami from the south-western lagoons of the lake had gills better adapted for gas exchange with a body mass specific diffusing capacity for oxygen which was about 2 times greater than that of the gills of the specimens from the fish spring lagoons and 2.5 times that of those from the water-holding tanks. Some parameters of the gills ofO. a. grahami, e.g. the gill filament length and number of gill filaments are significantly greater than those ofO. niloticus but the number of secondary lamellae, area of secondary lamellae and the diffusing capacity of the gills are similar in the two species. Compared with most other fish, the gills ofO. a. grahami appear to be particularly well adapted for gas exchange especially by having a thin water-blood barrier. Perhaps in no other extant fish have the gills had to be so exquisitely designed to meet environmental extremes and regulate complex and at times conflicting functions such as gas exchange, iono-regulation, acid-base balance and nitrogenous waste excretion as inO. a. grahami
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01995827
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  • 8
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    A scanning electron microscopic study of the air and blood capillaries of the lung of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) (1982)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    The morphology of the lung of the African lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus (1987)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    West Indian Ocean variability and East African fish catch (2010)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0141-1136
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0291
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Elsevier
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