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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Management-induced change in labile soil organic matter under continuous corn in eastern Canadian soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 88-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial biomass C ; Water-soluble organic carbon ; Light fraction organic carbon ; Fertilizer ; nitrogen ; 13C nuclear magnetic resonance ; Infrared spectrophotometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil samples taken from four experimental sites that had been cropped to continuous corn for 3–11 years in Ontario and Quebec were analyzed to evaluate changes in quantity and quality of labile soil organic carbon under different nitrogen (N) fertility and tillage treatments. Addition of fertilizer N above soil test recommendations tended to decrease amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC). The quality of the WSOC was characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectrophotometry and the results indicated that carbohydrates, long-chain aliphatics and proteins were the major components of all extracts. Similar types of C were present in all of the soils, but an influence of management was evident. The quantity of soil MBC was positively related to the quantities of WSOC, carbohydrate C, and organic C, and negatively related to quantities of long-chain aliphatic C in the soil. The quantity of WSOC was positively related to the quantities of protein C, carbohydrate C, and negatively related to the quantity of carboxylic C. The quantity of soil MBC was not only related to quantities of soil WSOC but also to the quality of soil WSOC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050348
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in 15N abundance and amounts of biologically active soil nitrogen (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 69-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words 15N-microbial biomass C ; Microbial biomass N ; Mineral-N ; Texture ; Active soil N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Estimation of the capacity of soils to supply N for crop growth requires estimates of the complex interactions among organic and inorganic N components as a function of soil properties. Identification and measurement of active soil N forms could help to quantify estimates of N supply to crops. Isotopic dilution during incubation of soils with added 15NH4 + compounds could identify active N components. Dilution of 15N in KCl extracts of mineral and total N, non-exchangeable NH44 +, and N in K2SO4 extracts of fumigated and non-fumigated soil was measured during 7-week incubation. Samples from four soils varying in clay content from 60 to 710 g kg–1 were used. A constant level of 15N enrichment within KCl and K2SO4 extracted components was found at the end of the incubation period. Total N, microbial biomass C and non-exchangeable NH4 + contents of the soils were positively related to the clay contents. The mineralized N was positively related to the silt plus clay contents. The active soil N (ASN) contained 28–36% mineral N, 29–44% microbial biomass N, 0.3–5% non-exchangeable NH4 + with approximately one third of the ASN unidentified. Assuming that absolute amounts of active N are related to N availability, increasing clay content was related to increased N reserve for crop production but a slower turnover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050589
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of ortho- and pyrophosphates on dissolution of Fe, Al, Si, Ca, and organic C in three soils (1989)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 20 (1989), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ortho- and pyrophosphates ; autoclaving ; extractable Fe, Al, Si, and organic C ; Ca solubility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphate application changes chemical properties of surface soils, consequently influencing crop nutrient availability and pedological process. Sodium ortho- (OP) or pyrophosphate (PP) was equilibrated with three Quebec soils: an Uplands sand (Orthic-Podzol), a St. Bernard loam (Eutric-Cambisol), and a Dalhousie clay (Humic Gleysol) in 0.03 M KClO4 solution at an initial pH 6.0. Both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soils were used, and dissolution of Fe, Al, Si, Ca and organic C was studied. Concentrations of Fe and Al in OP equilibrated solutions were not detectable. Ca solubility was reduced while dissolution of Si and organic C was increased in the presence of OP. These changes were possibly due to P—Ca precipitates or increased Ca sorption by P, and competition between OP and Si or organic materials for sorption sites. PP enhanced dissolution of Fe, Al, Si and organic C but reduced solubility of Ca. Comparisons showed that PP added to autoclaved soils had greater effects on increasing dissolutions of Fe, Al, Si and organic C and on reducing Ca solubility than OP in both autoclaved and nonautoclaved soils. Autoclaving resulted in greater dissolution of organic C. Dissolved Si with added OP was greater with nonautoclaved soils probably due to more P sorption in the nonautoclaved system, compared with autoclaved soil. Added PP dissolved Fe and Al ions which may ultimately enhance P precipitation by forming less soluble compounds upon hydrolysis of PP to OP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01055401
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatilization of ammonia from urea-ammonium nitrate solutions as influenced by organic and inorganic additives (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrification inhibitor ; urea hydrolysis inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fertilizers containing urea can suffer from nitrogen (N) loss through ammonia volatilization, resulting in reduced effectiveness of the fertilizers. The loss of N may be reduced by use of organic or inorganic additives. Laboratory experiments were conducted on surface soil samples (0–15 cm) from two agricultural soils (St. Bernard and Ste. Sophie) to determine the impact of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS), boric acid, and a humic substance from leonardite, on NH3 losses from surface-applied urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions. Experiments were carried out using moist soil samples in closed containers. Evolved NH3 was carried out of the containers and trapped in boric acid solution using an ammonia-free humidified air flow. Total NH3 losses in these experiments ranged from 12.1 to 21.3% of the N applied. The reduction in NH3 volatilization (expressed as % of added N) due to additives ranged from 13.6 to 38.5% and 3 to 36.3% in St. Bernard and Ste. Sophie soils, respectively. More NH3 volatilized from the boric acid or humic treated UAN solutions than from ATS-UAN solutions. Boric acid, ATS, and the humic substance, all significantly reduced urea hydrolysis in both soils in comparison to the untreated UAN solution. Further, the humic substance and boric acid treatment induced significant reduction in NO3-formation. The results suggest that humic substance and to a lesser extent boric acid may function as urease and/or nitrification inhibitors. ATS treatment, particularly at higher levels increased NO3-formation in both soils. The reason for this increase in nitrate formation is not clear.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063338
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of fertilization on organic and microbial biomass nitrogen using15N under corn (Zea mays L.) in two Quebec soils (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 44 (1995), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fertilizer N recovery ; microbial biomass N ; organic N ; Zea mays L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in soil organic N following fertilizer N applications are related to soil quality and subsequent N uptake by plants. Recovery of fertilizer N as organic N and soil microbial biomass N within two corn (Zea mays L.) fertilization systems was studied using15N on a Chicot soil (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid, Typic Hapludalf) and a Ste. Rosalie soil (fine, mixed, frigid, Typic Humanquept) in southwestern Quebec in 1989 and 1990. The two fertilization systems studied received a recommended rate of 170-44-131 kg (normal rate) and a high rate of 400-132-332 kg of N-P-K per hectare. Increasing fertilization rates above normal increased microbial biomass N immobilization with a subsequent greater N release. Higher fertilization rates significantly increased both the magnitude of soil microbial biomass N and microbial fertilizer N recovery in the soil microbial biomass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750804
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of banded triple superphosphate with urea and phosphorus use efficiency by corn (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 237-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: corn ; phosphorus efficiency ; triple superphosphate ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus fixation results in low P use efficiency in acid soils. Increase in soil pH through urea hydrolysis may improve P availability and use efficiency. Growth chamber and field experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of urea on triple superphosphate (TSP) transformation and P use efficiency. A Ste. Rosalie clay (Typic Humaquept), an Ormstown silty clay loam (Typic Humaquept) and a Chicot sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludalf) were used in the growth chamber experiment with three rates of N (0, 200 and 400 mg N kg-1), two N sources, either urea or NH4 NO3, based on 87 mg P kg-1 soil. In the field, three rates of urea (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) and two rates of TSP (26 and 52 kg P ha-1) were compared on a Ste. Rosalie clay and an Ormstown silty clay loam. Compacted or blended mixtures of urea-TSP with different ratios of N:P were used in the field experiment. In the growth chamber experiment, soil pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was increased by added urea, and Mehlich (3) and water extractable P thus increased with increased urea. Soil pH, DOC and available P levels were not significantly affected by added NH4 NO3. Phosphorus uptake increased with added N, either urea or NH4 NO3, but P concentration increased only with addition of urea. In the field, soil Mehlich (3)-P at day 20, P uptake and use efficiency, corn yields increased when urea was applied with TSP. Compacted mixtures of urea-TSP increased P uptake and use efficiency, corn yields in comparison with blended mixtures. The beneficial effects of banded urea with TSP on P availability and P use efficiency were primarily attributed to urea hydrolysis, subsequent pH increase and organic matter dissolution as well as synergistic effect of N and P. These results indicate that compaction of urea plus TSP may offer a significant advantage over blended mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009776706425
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of urea with triple superphosphate in a simulated fertilizer band (1993)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 36 (1993), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: acid soils ; P diffusion ; pH ; triple superphosphate ; urea ; urea hydrolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fertilizer nutrient diffusion from fertilizer bands and transformations in soil can affect fertilizer nutrient availability to crops and knowledge of the transformations is necessary for proper management. The interaction of urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) on urea hydrolysis and P transformations during diffusion processes from a fertilizer band was evaluated in a laboratory incubation experiment with two eastern Canadian soils (Ste Rosalie clay, Modifiers Typic Humaquept, pH 5.0; Ormstown silty clay loam, Modifiers Typic Humaquept, pH 6.0). Two fertilizer sources (urea and TSP) and three N and P rates (0, 100 and 200 kg ha−1) were combined in a factorial arrangement. Fertilizer combinations were placed on segmented soil columns, incubated and segments were analyzed for N and P content. Acidification from dissolution of TSP retarded urea hydrolysis, and curtailed the rise in soil pH surrounding the fertilizer band. Urea hydrolysis caused dissolution of organic matter in soils, which might inhibit precipitation of insoluble phosphates. Banding urea with TSP increased 1M KCl extractable soil P, soil solution P, sorbed P concentration and total P diffused away from the band. Urea decreased 0.01M CaCl2 extractable P, indicating probable precipitation of calcium phosphates with CaCl2 extraction. Banding urea with TSP could benefit P diffusion to plant roots in low Ca soils and increase fertilizer P availability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749946
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modified urea based NP fertilizer: urea-TSP-MAP combinations (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 45 (1995), S. 217-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; monoammonium phosphate ; pH ; urea triple superphosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Applying urea with acidic phosphate fertlizer increases urea fertilizer efficiency by reducing ammonia volatilization and toxicity to crop from urea hydrolysis. However, urea and triple superphosphate (TSP) are not recommended to be cogranulated because blends might become wet and sticky. Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) is a less acidic P source than TSP, but is compatible with urea. The objective of this study was to evaluate compound NP fertilizer products made from MAP and TSP combinations as P sources with urea. Fertilizer mixtures were pelletized from commercial urea, TSP and MAP with different N:P2O5 ratios and MAP/TSP combinations. Moisture changes during storage, pH of fertilizer solutions, and ammonia volatilization from surface applied fertilizer pellets were measured. Using MAP with TSP in urea-P mixtures reduced moisture increases during storage. Increasing MAP in urea-TSP-MAP combinations increased fertilizer solution pH by over 1 unit as the MAP/TSP-P2O5 ratio increased from 0/100 to 100/0. Adding MAP as 50% of P in urea-MAP-TSP mixtures at 3:1 and 1.5: (N:P2O5) ratios reduced ammonia loss from urea 50% to 60% compared to urea alone; and ammonia loss was similar to that of urea-TSP combinations. A urea-TSP-MAP fertilizer combination could make efficient use of urea-N by crops by reducing ammonia loss from urea hydrolysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00748592
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of legumes on soil physical quality in a maize crop (1992)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 140 (1992), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: continuous maize ; intercropped legumes ; N fertilization ; soil physical quality ; soil management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intercropped legumes and three N fertilizer rates in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system on the physical properties of two soils were investigated for three years. The legumes, being a mixture of alfalfa, clover and hairy vetch, had a significant cumulative effect on some physical properties of both soil. The lowest stability and smallest mean weight diameter of soil aggregates were associated with monoculture maize plots. Aggregate size and stability were not affected by N fertilization at any of the rates of 0, 70, and 140 kg ha-1 in intercropped plots, except that aggregate stability was actually reduced by N fertilization in one soil, the Ste. Rosalie clay. In maize plots in both soils, stability and size of soil aggregates were significantly increased with increased added N. Intercropped legumes significantly decreased dry bulk density and soil penetration resistance. Added N had no measurable influence on these compaction factors. Soil water properties were not significantly affected by either intercropping or N fertilization. Positive effects noted on soil aggregation and other physical properties in intercropped plots are the result of enhanced root activity, or incorporation of legumes as green manure, or both. Improvement of soil structure in maize plots associated with increasing N application was the result of increased maize-root residues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012802
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of shading and nitrogen on growth of corn (Zea mays L.) under field conditions (1972)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 36 (1972), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies were performed in the growing seasons of 1967 and 1968 to determine the differential response of vegetative corn growth to three levels of shading (27, 51, and 100% sunlight) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 222, and 444 kg/ha). Ammonium nitrate was used as the N fertilizer. Shades were removed when the unshaded plants started tasselling. Subsequent stover and grain production was determined. During the vegetative period, N increased dry matter yield per plant, and the rate of increase was enhanced at higher light levels. This was consistent in both years. The effect of shading during vegetative period on N use appeared to depend on season, or perhaps on planting date. In 1967, with a late planting date, the N-shading interaction was found in final stover and ear yields. In 1968, with a planting date in early spring shading-N interactions were noted at 8 1/2 weeks of growth but not at maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01373457
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