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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological Properties and Microstructure of Acid Milk Gels as Affected by Fat Content and Heat Treatment (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 63 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gels were made from recombined milks containing 0, 1.5 or 3.5% fat that were heated at 75, 80 or 90°C for 30 min, followed by acidification with glucono-8-lactone at 30°C. The rheological and microstructural properties of acid gels were investigated using dynamic low-amplitude oscillatory rheology and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). Heating milks, at temperatures ≥80°C, increased the storage moduli (G′) and decreased the gelation time. Recombined milks containing high fat (3.5%) had higher G′ than gels made from low-fat or skim milk. Milk heat treatment resulted in gels with a cross-linked microstructure. Recombined fat globules appeared to be embedded in the protein matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1998.tb15807.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Casein hydrolysis in stirred tank reactors using chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic supports (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 23 (1981), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nickel-NiO-BSA-chymotrypsin has been used to hydrolyze casein in both batch and continuous stirred tank reactors. The kinetics of hydrolysis in both types of reactor were considered. Some operational problems encountered using fine powder catalysts in batch stirred tank reactors are discussed. High gradient magnetic separation was found to be a powerful catalysts retention method for magnetic support particles, particularly when using a ferromagnetic collection matrix. Nickel particles of diameter 3-7 μm were easily separated from water at a processing velocity of 39 mm/sec. Nickel powder and precipitated Fe3O4 were also separated satisfactorily using a rotating drum magnetic separator.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230403
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Centrifugal dewatering of acid casein curd: Effect of casein manufacturing and centrifugation variables on curd compression in a laboratory centrifuge (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 32 (1988), S. 1153-1157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data relevant to curd compression in a horizontal, solid bowl decanter centrifuge have been obtained by studying the dewatering of acid casein curd in a batch laboratory centrifuge. Analysis of curd compression under centrifugal force predicts a moisture content gradient in the dewatered curd from a maximum at the curd-liquid interface to a minimum at the centrifuge bowl wall. This moisture content gradient was also measured experimentally, and its practical implications are discussed. Increases in centrifugal force, centrifugation time, and centrifugation temperature all caused a marked de crease in dewatered curd moisture content, whereas in creases in precipitation pH and maximum washing temperature caused a smaller decrease in dewatered curd moisture content.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260320908
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonporous magnetic materials as enzyme supports: Studies with immobilized chymotrypsin (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 19 (1977), S. 101-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Chymotrypsin has been immobilized to several nonporous magnetic materials. Nickel particles were considered to be most suitable as immobilized enzyme supports. Chymotrypsin immobilized to nonporous magnetic supports was not fouled significantly by6 either whole milk or clarified yeast homogenate. AE-cellulose-chymotrypsin was rapidly fouled by both these materials and chymotrypsin immobilized to acrylic-based ion exchangers was slowly fouled. Immobilized enzyme activity was found to be inverted proportional to particle diameter for nonporous rock magnetite particles. Immobilization by adsorption and then glutaraldehyde crosslinking was used to produce controlled amounts of chymotrypsin on the particles. Esterolytic activity increased with enzyme loading but caseinolytic activity did not increase. Chymotrypsin is inhibited by metal ions from the magnetic supports. It is partially protected by use of a preliminary protein coating and may be reactivated by incubation with EDTA or BSA.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260190109
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New concepts for rapid yeast settling. II. pH switching with an inert powder (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 699-711 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique is outlined for the rapid settling of yeast cells in fermentation media. The technique involved the addition of dense, inert particles (nickel powder) to a yeast suspension (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at pH 4.5 and a rapid change of pH to 8.0-9.0. When the pH was changed large flocs formed immediately and settled rapidly, leaving a clear supernatant. On returning the pH to 4.5 the flocs were destroyed. This technique gave larger flocs and higher settling rates than the constant pH method, and much lower nickel/yeast ratios were required. Good flocculation also occurred in a fermentation medium. The technique was used to recycle yeast cells to a semicontinuous ethanol fermentation. Application of the technique to this and similar systems is discussed. The factors affecting yeast/inert powder flocculation are also discussed and a model is proposed to explain the observed experimental behavior for flocculation with a rapid change in pH.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250307
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the hydrolysis of lean meat protein by alcalase: Derivation of two alternative rate equations and their fit to experimental data (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 861-869 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two rate equations have been developed to model the hydrolysis of ground lean meat protein by Alcalase. The first equation was based on classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the second on the adsorption of enzyme to the protein prior to reaction. It was assumed that this adsorption could be modelled by a Langmuir-type adsorption isotherm. Each equation considered the enzyme to be competitively inhibited by reaction product, and considered enzyme inactivation to be first order. Both rate equations have been fitted to experimental data obtained from the hydrolysis of meat protein by Alcalase. Initial rate data indicated that the adsorption model was more appropriate. However, both equations gave satisfactory fits to 11 reaction progress curves determined over a wide range of enzyme and substrate concentrations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270616
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New concepts for rapid yeast settling. I. Flocculation with an inert powder (1983)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 687-697 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel technique for settling microorganisms has been described. The technique involves adding a dense, inert powder to a suspension of microorganisms under conditions where flocculation of the microorganism with the inert poweder occurs. The flocs formed are small and relatively dense and settle rapidly. Suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast have been flocculated with several different inert seed materials achieving rapid settling and separations of up to 99.9%. Nickel powder was used as a seed material for most experiments described here, and iron sand showed promise as a cheaper seed for large-scale use. The degree of flocculation and cell separation obtained depended largely on the seed concentration and the components in solution. Temperature and pH had little effect. When the method was initially applied to a practical fermentation, flocculation was poor because of inhibiting compounds in the fermentation medium, but modification of the technique produced good flocculation in the medium.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260250306
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of microorganisms on rate of liquid extraction of ethanol from fermentation broths (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 28 (1986), S. 939-943 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid extraction is one means of removing metabolic products continuously during a fermentation and so reducing product inhibition. It is known that microbial organisms are attracted to liquid-liquid interfaces, and it is important for the design of extraction systems to establish if this has a detrimental effect on the rate of extraction. The extraction of ethanol from aqueous suspensions of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) using n- decanol is described in this paper. It was found that the presence of the yeast cells severely reduced the rate of ethanol extraction. The overall mass transfer coefficient was reduced from 5.0 × 10-6 to 0.7 × 10-6 m/s. This reduced overall mass transfer coefficient was unaffected by yeast concentration in the range 0.1-20 kg/m3. The results are consistent with the yeast cells adsorbing to the interface in closely packed layers and preventing mass transfer by simply reducing the available interfacial area. Optical microscope observations confirmed that a yeast layer several cell diameters thick rapidly built up at the interface when a small decanol droplet was added to a yeast suspension.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260280702
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Desorption of Trichoderma reesei cellulase from cellulose by a range of desorbents (1989)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 34 (1989), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The desorption of Trichoderma reesei cellulase from Avicel by a wide range of desorbents was measured. Emphasis was placed on desorption at alkaline pH. A maximum desorption of 65-68% Avicelase activity was achieved by contact with NaOH, pH 10.0, at 40°C for 5 min in the presence of 0.005% Triton X-100 or Tween 80. The design of a suitable desorption process using these conditions is discussed. Glycerol was also effective as a desorbent either alone or in combination with alkali and detergent. However, relatively high concentrations of glycerol were needed and the maximum desorption achieved, 68%, was not significantly greater than that with only alkali and detergent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260340303
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