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  • 1
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    Charcoal records of two sediment cores off SW Africa (2012)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Daniau, Anne-Laure; Bartlein, Patrick J; Harrison, S P; Prentice, Iain Colin; Brewer, Simon; Friedlingstein, Pierre; Harrison-Prentice, T I; Inoue, J; Izumi, K; Marlon, Jennifer R; Mooney, Scott D; Power, Mitchell J; Stevenson, J; Tinner, Willy; Andric, M; Atanassova, J; Behling, Hermann; Black, M; Blarquez, O; Brown, K J; Carcaillet, C; Colhoun, Eric A; Colombaroli, Daniele; Davis, Basil A S; D'Costa, D; Dodson, John; Dupont, Lydie M; Eshetu, Z; Gavin, D G; Genries, A; Haberle, Simon G; Hallett, D J; Hope, Geoffrey; Horn, S P; Kassa, T G; Katamura, F; Kennedy, L M; Kershaw, A Peter; Krivonogov, S; Long, C; Magri, Donatella; Marinova, E; McKenzie, G Merna; Moreno, P I; Moss, Patrick T; Neumann, F H; Norstrom, E; Paitre, C; Rius, D; Roberts, Neil; Robinson, G S; Sasaki, N; Scott, Louis; Takahara, H; Terwilliger, V; Thevenon, Florian; Turner, R; Valsecchi, V G; Vannière, Boris; Walsh, M; Williams, N; Zhang, Yancheng (2012): Predictability of biomass burning in response to climate changes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 26(4), https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004249
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-27
    Description: We analyze sedimentary charcoal records to show that the changes in fire regime over the past 21,000 yrs are predictable from changes in regional climates. Analyses of paleo- fire data show that fire increases monotonically with changes in temperature and peaks at intermediate moisture levels, and that temperature is quantitatively the most important driver of changes in biomass burning over the past 21,000 yrs. Given that a similar relationship between climate drivers and fire emerges from analyses of the interannual variability in biomass burning shown by remote-sensing observations of month-by-month burnt area between 1996 and 2008, our results signal a serious cause for concern in the face of continuing global warming.
    Keywords: Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; MARUM
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of nonpolar solvents on Rydberg states: van der Waals complexes of azabicyclooctanes (1993)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (1993), S. 6769-6778 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of solvation by nonpolar solvents on the (n,3s) Rydberg states of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (ABCO) is investigated through mass resolved excitation spectroscopy of their van der Waals complexes. The solute/solvent clusters formed in a supersonic expansion include DABCO and ABCO with Ar, n-CmH2m+2 (m=1–7), and CF4 and C2F6. The resulting spectra are analyzed with the help of empirical potential energy calculations of the cluster binding energies, minimum energy structures, van der Waals modes, and potential barriers between the various cluster minimum energy structures. Good agreement is found between the calculated and experimental results for DABCO and ABCO clustered with argon and methane. The spectra of clusters with all other hydrocarbons can be ascribed to only one major geometry for each cluster stoichiometry, despite the fact that calculations yield many stable geometries for each cluster. This apparent lack of agreement between calculations and experiments can be rationalized based on cluster binding energy, zero point energy, and the potential energy barriers between the cluster minima. The observed blue shift of the cluster 000 transition energy as a function of the n-alkane chain length can be qualitatively modeled by a Lennard-Jones potential for the solute–solvent interaction for both the ground and excited states. The model reveals a strong repulsive interaction between the Rydberg state electronic distribution and the solvent molecule. This repulsion depends on the distance between the solvent molecule and the solute molecule nitrogen atom.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.464769
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    (n,3s) Rydberg spectra of diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and methyl vinyl ether: Analysis of the torsional motion (1993)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (1993), S. 3703-3712 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-photon resonance mass resolved excitation spectra are obtained for diethyl ether-h10, diethyl ether-d10, diisopropyl either, and methyl vinyl ether cooled in a supersonic jet expansion. The spectra are assigned as due to 2p3s←(2p)2 Rydberg excitations: significant progressions in a low energy vibrational mode are observed for both diethyl and diisopropyl ethers, but not for methyl vinyl ether. The transition energies for the vibronic progressions are modeled by a double well potential function of polynomial form truncated at the quartic term. The transition intensities for the progressions are calculated based on a Franck–Condon analysis of the excited state potential surface and a harmonic ground state surface. Calculations identify the progression forming mode as the antigeared torsion of the C–O–C–C dihedral angles. Excitation of diethyl ether from its ground electronic state to its 2p3s Rydberg state leads to changes in the dihedral angles (τ1, τ2) from ±180° to ±157°. Similar electronic excitation of diisopropyl ether yields changes in (τ1,τ2) from ±157° in the ground state to ±146° in the Rydberg state. The torsional displacement active in the 2p3s←(2p)2 oxygen Rydberg transition is suggested to arise from the interaction between the diffuse 3s electron and the β-methyl groups on both diethyl and diisopropyl ethers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.464047
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvation effects on the molecular 3s Rydberg state: AZAB/CYCLO octanes clustered with argon (1993)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 98 (1993), S. 1876-1887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two color, 1+1, mass resolved excitation spectroscopy (MRES) is used to obtain molecular Rydberg (3s←n) spectra of azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (ABCO) and diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) clustered with argon. Nozzle/laser timing delay studies are employed together with time-of-flight mass spectroscopy to identify cluster composition. Population depletion techniques are used to differentiate between clusters with the same mass, but different geometries. A Lennard-Jones 6–12 potential is used to model the intermolecular interactions and predict minimum energy cluster geometries and cluster binding energies. The experimental results are combined with the cluster geometry calculations to assign spectral features to specific cluster geometries. Three different excited state interactions are required to model the experimentally observed line shapes, spectral shifts, and cluster dissociation. The relationship between these model potentials and the cluster binding sites suggests that the form of the cluster intermolecular potential in the Rydberg excited state is dictated by the distance between the argon and chromophore atoms. A comparison of results for ABCO(Ar)1 and DABCO(Ar)1 leads to the conclusion that the nitrogen 3s Rydberg orbital in clusters of DABCO is delocalized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.464222
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of solvation on molecular Rydberg states: Dioxane clustered with nonpolar solvents (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 97 (1992), S. 2869-2880 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: One color 2+1 mass resolved excitation spectroscopy is employed to obtain molecular Rydberg 3s←n transition spectra of 1,4-dioxane clustered in a molecular beam with nine nonpolar solvents. The solvents are Ar, Kr, CH4, CD4, CF4, SiH4, Si(CH3)4, ethane, n-propane, cyclohexane-h12, and cyclohexane-d12. Spectral results are interpreted in terms of cluster size, isotope effects, and model calculations. A Lennard-Jones–Coulomb 6-12-1 potential is used to model the intermolecular interactions and predict minimum energy cluster geometries, cluster binding energies, and intermolecular force constants which are used to calculate van der Waals vibrational frequencies. The results show that for simple solvents (i.e., Ar, CH4) the calculations offer a simple interpretation of the observed spectra in terms of multiple cluster geometries with distinct transition energies; however, as the solvent becomes more complex, the cluster spectra also become more complex, and the number of calculated minimum energy cluster geometries increases. Complex spectra are interpreted as a distribution of cluster geometries with similar transition energies. For all of the clusters, the electronic origins are blue shifted with respect to the bare 1,4-dioxane origin. This observation is consistent with a model in which the excited state intermolecular potential becomes more repulsive due to the increased radial distribution of a nonbonding electron upon excitation into the 3s Rydberg state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.463029
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Citrus psorosis virus in field trees by direct tissue blot immunoassay in comparison with ELISA, symptomatology, biological indexing and cross-protection tests (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Serological detection of Citrus psorosis virus (CPsV) by direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) and by double (DAS) and triple (TAS) antibody sandwich ELISA, was compared in samples from various citrus varieties growing in the glasshouse and in the field. In young shoots and leaves, CPsV was readily detected by the three procedures, whereas DTBIA detection in old leaves was less consistent. DTBIA detection and ELISA readings in nine different citrus varieties were similar, suggesting that CPsV accumulates to equivalent levels in all of them. In infected field trees from Spain or Italy, CPsV was consistently detected by TAS ELISA, even in samples of old leaves in winter, whereas DTBIA detection in the same trees was reliable only when using young shoots. Detection of CPsV by DTBIA and by DAS and TAS ELISA in previously untested field trees correlated perfectly with psorosis diagnostics based on biological indexing, specifically with the capacity of those sources to cross-protect against challenge inoculation with psorosis B. Some trees without bark scaling were shown to be psorosis-infected by biological indexing and to contain CPsV by serological tests; other trees showing psorosis-like bark or leaf symptoms in the field were shown to be psorosis-free by biological indexing and also CPsV-free by serology. This is the first time that the presence of CPsV has been correlated with psorosis infection as diagnosed by biological indexing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00684.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new approach to evaluate relative resistance and tolerance of tomato cultivars to begomoviruses causing the tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Spain (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A simple procedure to evaluate relative resistance and tolerance of tomato cultivars to the begomoviruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLC) disease in Spain was developed. To estimate the resistance and tolerance levels of a cultivar, several formulae were developed based on the ratio of infected plants, virus titre (estimated by tissue–print hybridization) and symptom intensity. The formulae were applied to five commercial tomato cultivars (Amoretto, Birloque, Royesta, Tovigreen and Ulises) naturally infected by TYLC viruses. The analyses showed that Ulises, Birloque and Tovigreen exhibited a moderate resistance, and Ulises was also highly tolerant. There was a positive correlation between symptom intensity and virus titre in infected plants, suggesting that the hybridization technique could also be used as an early estimator of tolerance. Finally, molecular hybridization and nucleotide sequence analyses of the begomovirus intergenic region showed that the local TYLC virus population consisted of a single species, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, formerly TYLCV-Israel), with low genetic variation (nucleotide identity between isolates higher than 97%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2003.00926.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological diversity of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates in Spain (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A survey of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) isolates was carried out in most citrus-growing areas in Spain. Twenty-two isolates were selected by geographical origin, cultivar of source tree, and symptoms observed on the host or in preliminary tests, and were biologically characterized.A wide range of variation in transmissibility by aphids and symptom intensity on nine different indicator species or scion-rootstock combinations was observed among CTV isolates. Mexican lime. Citrus macrophylla, and to a lesser extent citron were the most useful hosts for characterizing these isolates, and leaf symptoms and stem pitting were the most discriminating traits. Positive correlation was observed between symptoms induced on Mexican lime and C. macrophylla, but not between the symptoms induced on these indicators under greenhouse conditions and the homologous symptoms on plants grown in the screenhouse. Some of the traits studied enabled us to establish relatively well-defined groups of isolates, but in most cases a continuous range of variation was obtained and no clear group could be defined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01494.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological diversity of citrus ringspot isolates in Spain (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Eight isolates of citrus ringspot were selected by symptoms induced in field trees and compared with a citrus psorosis isolate for symptom expression on several citrus species under temperature-controlled glasshouse conditions. Symptom expression in each host-isolate combination was quantified by a pathogenicity index (PI) that considered symptom intensity and the number of plants showing each symptom. A general pathogenicity index (GPI) was defined for each isolate as a weighted mean of the different PI. A wide range of symptoms could be observed depending on host-isolate combination and incubation temperature. On the basis of symptoms induced in the glasshouse, cross protecting reaction against psorosis B challenge inoculation, mechanical transmissibility to Chenopodium quinoa, and presence of a c. 48-kDa protein associated to fractions of a sucrose gradient infective on C. quinoa (Navas-Castillo et al, 1993), six of the ringspot isolates (RS-ALC, RS-SOR, RS-GR, RS-INV, RS-CV and RS-SR) could not be distinguished from the psorosis isolate used as control, whereas the other two isolates (RS-ALM and RS-BUR) were clearly different. Field symptoms induced by these two isolates also differed from those induced by psorosis or by the other ringspot isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01511.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Separation and interference of strains from a citrus tristeza virus isolate evidenced by biological activity and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analysis (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 42 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Separation of strains of citrus tristeza virus (CTV), differentiated by their double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) profiles, was obtained by graft-inoculating citron plants from a Mexican lime that had been recently aphid- or graft-inoculated with a mild CTV isolate (T-385). Up to 24 sub-isolates with differing dsRNA profiles were obtained from the aphid-inoculated lime. Some of these sub-isolates induced stronger symptoms in several citrus species than the original T-385 isolate. One sub-isolate, T-385-33, was mild in Mexican lime, but induced stem pitting on sweet orange. Inoculation of this isolate on Mexican lime, sour orange and Eureka lemon induced mild or no symptoms when inoculum was taken from citron, but very severe symptoms when the inoculum was from sweet orange. Mexican lime and sweet orange plants co-inoculated with T-385-33 from sweet orange in combination with the other 23 sub-isolates showed mild symptoms. The results obtained suggest that there is natural cross-protection among sub-isolates in the original T-385 isolate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1993.tb01469.x
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