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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Regonal air pollution and climate change in europe: an integrated analysis (AIR-CLIM) (1999)
    Kassel : Selbstverlag
    Details Availability
    Call number: PIK N 076-99-0309
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 51 p.
    Series Statement: Progress Report 1
    Location: A 18 - must be ordered
    Branch Library: PIK Library
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  • 2
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    On the relation between zenith sky brightness and horizontal illuminance (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-03
    Description: The effects of artificial light at night are an emergent research topic for astronomers, physicists, engineers and biologists around the world. This leads to a need for measurements of the night sky brightness (= diffuse luminance of the night sky) and nocturnal illuminance. Currently, the most sensitive light meters measure the zenith sky brightness in mag V /arcsec 2 or – less frequently – in cd m –2 . However, the horizontal illuminance resulting only from the night sky is an important source of information that is difficult to obtain with common instruments. Here we present a set of approximations to convert the zenith luminance into horizontal illuminance. Three different approximations are presented for three idealized atmospheric conditions: homogeneous sky brightness, an isotropically scattering atmosphere and a turbid atmosphere. We also apply the resulting conversion formulae to experimental data on night sky luminance, obtained during the past three years.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric science. From acid rain to climate change (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reis, S -- Grennfelt, P -- Klimont, Z -- Amann, M -- ApSimon, H -- Hettelingh, J-P -- Holland, M -- LeGall, A-C -- Maas, R -- Posch, M -- Spranger, T -- Sutton, M A -- Williams, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1153-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1226514.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK. srei@ceh.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197517" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acid Rain/*prevention & control ; *Air Pollutants ; Air Pollution/*prevention & control ; Canada ; *Climate Change ; Environmental Policy/*trends ; Europe ; *Guidelines as Topic ; *United Nations ; United States ; Vehicle Emissions/prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Impact of excess NO x emissions from diesel cars on air quality, public health and eutrophication in Europe (2017)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-19
    Description: Diesel cars have been emitting four to seven times more NO x in on-road driving than in type approval tests. These ‘excess emissions’ are a consequence of deliberate design of the vehicle’s after-treatment system, as investigations during the ‘Dieselgate’ scandal have revealed. Here we calculate health and environmental impacts of these excess NO x emissions in all European countries for the year 2013. We use national emissions reported officially under the UNECE Convention for Long-range Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants and employ the EMEP MSC-W Chemistry Transport Model and the GAINS Integrated Assessment Model to determine atmospheric concentrations and resulting impacts. We compare with impacts from hypothetical emissions where light duty diesel vehicles are assumed to emit only as much as their respective type approval limit value or as little as petrol cars of the same age. Excess NO 2 concentrations can also have direct health impacts, but...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integrated analysis of sulfur emissions, acid deposition and climate change (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1539-1550 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; air pollution impacts ; climate change ; global change ; integrated modeling ; sulfur deposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents one of the first integrated analyses of acidification and climate change on a geographically-detailed basis, and the first linkage of integrated models for acid deposition (RAINS) and for climate change (IMAGE 2). Emphasis in this paper is on Europe. Trends in driving forces of emissions are used to compute anthropogenic SO2 emissions in 13 world regions. These emissions are translated into regional patterns of sulfur deposition in Europe and global patterns of sulfate aerosols using source-receptor matrices. Changes in climate are then computed based on changes in sulfate and greenhouse gases. Finally, we compute ecosystem areas affected by acid deposition and climate change based on exceedances of critical loads and changes in potential vegetation. Using this framework, information from global and regional integrated models can be used to link sulfur emissions with both their global and regional consequences. Preliminary calculations indicate that the size of European area affected by climate change in 2100 (58%) will be about the same as that affected by acid deposition in 1990. By the mid 21st century, about 14% of Europe's area may be affected by both acid deposition and climate change. Also, reducing sulfur emissions in Europe will have both the desirable impact of reducing the area affected by acid deposition, and the undesirable impact of enhancing climate warming in Europe and thus increasing the area affected by climate change. However, for the scenarios in this paper, the desirable impact of reducing sulfur emissions greatly outweighs its undesirable impact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477200
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of critical loads and their exceedance on European forests using a one-layer steady-state model (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 72 (1994), S. 357-394 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads for N, S and total acidity, and amounts by which they are exceeded by present atmospheric loads, were derived for coniferous and deciduous forests in Europe using the one-layer steady-state model START. Results indicated that present acid loads exceed critical values in approximately 45% of the forested area i.e. 52% of all coniferous forests and 33% of all deciduous forests. The area exceeding critical loads was nearly equal for N (50%) and S (52%). However, the maximum exceedances were much higher for S (up to 12000 molc ha−1 yr−1 in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Germany) than for N (up to 3500 molc ha−1 yr−1 in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany). Furthermore, the critical N loads derived refer to the risk of increased vegetation changes. Higher values, i.e. lower exceedances, were found for N when it was related to an increased risk in forest vitality decrease. The uncertainty in the area exceeding critical loads was estimated to be about ±50% of the given value. This is mainly due to uncertainties in the chemical criteria that have been used. However, despite the uncertainties involved it is clear that large exceedances in critical N and S loads occur in Western and Central Europe. This coincides with the area where a decrease in forest vitality has been reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257134
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation of soil response to acidic deposition scenarios in Europe (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 78 (1994), S. 215-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical response of European forest soils to three emission-deposition scenarios for the years 1960–2050, i.e. official energy pathways (OEP), current reduction plans (CRP) and maximum feasible reductions (MFR), was evaluated with the SMART model (Simulation Model for Acidification's Regional Trends). Calculations were made for coniferous and deciduous forests on 80 soil types occurring on the FAO soil map of Europe, using a gridnet of 1.0 ° longitude x 0.5 ° latitude. Results indicated that the area with nitrogen saturated soils, i.e. soils with elevated NO3 concentrations (〉 0.02 molc m−3) will increase in the future for all scenarios, even for the MFR scenario. The area with acidified soils, with a high Al concentration (〉 0.2 molc m−3) and Al/BC ratio (〉 1 mol mol−3) and a low pH (〈 4) and base saturation (〈 5%), was predicted to increase for the OEP scenario and to decrease for the MFR scenario. The CRP scenario resulted in a continuous increase in the forested area with an Al/BC ratio above critical values. A small decrease was predicted in the area exceeding a critical Al concentration up to the year 2000 followed by a slight increase after 2000. Areas with very high NO3 and Al concentrations mainly occurred in western, central and eastern Europe. Uncertainties in the initial values of C/N ratios and base saturation, and in the description of N dynamics in the SMART model had the largest impact on the temporal development of forested areas exceeding critical parameter values. Despite uncertainties involved, predicted general trends are plausible and reliable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00483034
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Critical loads of acidity for surface waters (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2419-2424 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical load ; acidity ; water acidification ; soil acidification ; fish ; empirical models ; sulphur deposition ; acid episodes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The critical load of acidity for surface waters is based on the concept that the inputs of acids to a catchment do not exceed the weathering less a given amount of ANC. The Steady State Water Chemistry (SSWC) Method is used to calculate critical loads, using present water chemistry. To ensure no damage to biological indicators such as fish species a value for ANClimit of 20 μeq/l has been used to date for calculating critical loads. The SSWC-method is sensitive to the choice of the ANClimit. In areas with little acid deposition the probability of acid episodes leading to fish kills is small even if the ANClimit is set to zero, while in areas with high acidic deposition fish kills may occur at this value. Thus, the ANClimit can be a function of the acidifying deposition to the lake, nearing zero at low deposition and increasing to higher values at higher deposition. A formulation for such an ANClimit has been worked out, and we have tested the effect of the ANClimit as a linear function of the deposition, assuming ANClimit = 0 at zero deposition with a linear increase to 50 ueq/l at a deposition of 200 meq.m−2.yr−1. For areas with high deposition the effect of a variable ANClimit is small, while in areas with low deposition the effect is significant. For Norway the exceeded area decreases from 36 to 30% using a variable ANClimit instead of a fixed value of 20 μeq/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186196
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of critical loads in emission reduction agreements in Europe (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2381-2388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: critical loads ; acid deposition ; emission reductions ; air pollution impacts ; ecosystem sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Critical loads have been used in the revision of the Sulphur Protocol of the Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN/ECE). Critical loads, i.e. maximum allowable depositions which do not increase the probability of damage to forest soils and surface waters, have been computed and mapped for Europe by means of the Steady-state Mass Balance Method, using national data and, if national data were unavailable, using a European database. Results show that areas with low critical loads are located mostly in northern and central Europe. The reduction of the excess of sulfur (S) deposition over critical loads was a starting point for negotiations leading to the Oslo Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions (the “Second Sulphur Protocol”). The new protocol protects about 81%, 86% and 90% of the ecosystems' area in 2000, 2005 and 2010, respectively. In addition, the total European area in which sulphur deposition exceeds critical loads by more than 500 eq ha−1 yr−1 will be reduced from about 19% in 1980 to practically zero in 2010. Besides these results, a methodology is presented which allows the combined assessment of the acidifying effects of S and N as well as the eutrophying effects of N deposition on ecosystems (so-called critical load functions and the protection isolines derived from them). This methodology is well suited to integrate ecosystem sensitivities into future negotiations on the reductions of nitrogen (N) compounds, taking into account present or anticipated S emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186190
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magic, Safe and Smart Model Applications at Integrated Monitoring Sites: Effects of Emission Reduction Scenarios (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; emission ; MAGIC ; model ; nitrogen ; SAFE ; SMART ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Three well-known dynamic acidification models (MAGIC, SAFE, SMART) were applied to data sets from five Integrated Monitoring sites in Europe. The calibrated models were used in a policy-oriented framework to predict the long-term soil acidification of these background forest sites, given different scenarios of future deposition of S and N. Emphasis was put on deriving realistic site-specific scenarios for the model applications. The deposition was calculated with EMEP transfer matrices and official emissions for the target years 2000, 2005 and 2010. The alternatives for S deposition were current reduction plans and maximum feasible reductions. For N, the NOx and NHy depositions were frozen at the present level. For NOx, a reduction scenario of flat 30% reduction from present deposition also was utilized to demonstrate the possible effects of such a measure. The three models yielded generally consistent results. The ‘Best prediction’-scenario (including the effects of the second UN/ECE protocol for reductions of SO2 emissions and present level for NOx-emissions), resulted in many cases in a stabilization of soil acidification, although significant improvements were not always shown. With the exception of one site, the ‘Maximum Feasible Reductions’ scenario always resulted in significant improvements. Dynamic models are needed as a complement to steady-state techniques for estimating critical loads and assessing emission reduction policies, where adequate data are available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005099930089
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