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  • 1
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    Projected changes in extreme temperature events based on the NARCCAP model suite (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-15
    Description: Once-per-year maximum temperature extremes in NARCCAP are projected to increase more (less) than mean daily maximum summer temperatures over much of the eastern (western) United States. In contrast, the models almost everywhere project greater warming of once-per-year minimum temperatures as compared to mean daily minimum winter temperatures. Under projected changes associated with extremes of the temperature distribution, Baltimore's maximum temperature that was met or exceeded once-per-year historically is projected to occur 17 times per season by mid-century, a 28% increase relative to projections based on summer mean daily maximum temperature change. Under the same approach, historical once-per-year cold events in Baltimore are projected to occur once-per-decade. The models are generally able to capture observed geopotential height anomalies associated with temperature extremes in two subregions. Projected changes in extreme temperature events cannot be explained by lower boundary conditions as reflected by soil moisture anomalies or snow water equivalent.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Seismic features and automatic discrimination of deep and shallow induced-microearthquakes using neural network and logistic regression (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-08-05
    Description: We develop an automated strategy for discriminating deep microseismic events from shallow ones on the basis of the waveforms recorded on a limited number of surface receivers. Machine-learning techniques are employed to explore the relationship between event hypocentres and seismic features of the recorded signals in time, frequency and time–frequency domains. We applied the technique to 440 microearthquakes –1.7 〈  M w  〈 1.29, induced by an underground cavern collapse in the Napoleonville Salt Dome in Bayou Corne, Louisiana. Forty different seismic attributes of whole seismograms including degree of polarization and spectral attributes were measured. A selected set of features was then used to train the system to discriminate between deep and shallow events based on the knowledge gained from existing patterns. The cross-validation test showed that events with depth shallower than 250 m can be discriminated from events with hypocentral depth between 1000 and 2000 m with 88 per cent and 90.7 per cent accuracy using logistic regression and artificial neural network models, respectively. Similar results were obtained using single station seismograms. The results show that the spectral features have the highest correlation to source depth. Spectral centroids and 2-D cross-correlations in the time–frequency domain are two new seismic features used in this study that showed to be promising measures for seismic event classification. The used machine-learning techniques have application for efficient automatic classification of low energy signals recorded at one or more seismic stations.
    Keywords: Seismology
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft (DGG) and the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS).
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of dynamic coastal response to sea-level rise modifies inundation likelihood (2016)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-24
    Description: A model that evaluates the likelihood of coastal inundation (flooding) and dynamical response (adaptation) as sea levels rise shows that, for the northeastern US, about 70% of the coast has some capacity to respond dynamically and alter inundation risk. Nature Climate Change 6 696 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2957
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 4
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    Wind drift explains the reoriented morning flights of songbirds (2016)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2016-07-14
    Description: Remote sensors such as Doppler radars are providing novel insights into the migrations of diverse animal taxa, but limits in scope and sensitivity can hamper the utility of these tools. For example, studies investigating whether songbirds compensate effectively for wind displacement during nocturnal migration have been challenged by the need to assess behavior on a large scale. In addition, these studies typically overlook the potential role low-altitude diurnal flights play in dealing with unfavorable winds. In such cases, a combination of approaches—new and traditional—may be necessary to understand behavior more completely. Here, we unite ground-based visual observations with a new radar analysis method to investigate how songbirds deal with crosswinds over the northeast United States. We find that nocturnally migrating birds experienced significant wind drift, even though they often flew at 90° or more to the wind direction. Significantly, more birds undertook reoriented diurnal flights after nocturnal wind drift, and wind influence, nocturnal migration intensity, and time of season together explained the majority of variation in counts of these "morning flights." This study shows that bird behavior during migration can be strongly shaped by the danger of wind drift and that some songbird species respond to drift with reoriented diurnal migratory flights. Knowledge of birds’ interactions with wind is essential for successfully modeling migratory behavior and assessing the risks associated with changing habitats and meteorological patterns. Furthermore, an understanding of the degree to which drift defines migratory behaviors may have value across animal taxa.
    Print ISSN: 1045-2249
    Electronic ISSN: 1465-7279
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Paleoelevation records from lipid biomarkers: Application to the tropical Andes (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-28
    Description: New results from two novel lipid biomarker–based proxies help to constrain the late Cenozoic surface elevation history of the Eastern Cordillera in the tropical northern Andes of Colombia. Previous well-known studies have suggested rapid latest Miocene–Pliocene (6–3 Ma) uplift on the basis of an abrupt shift in pollen species assemblages within sedimentary basin fill of the elevated Bogotá Plateau. From resampling of these original study localities, we provide a revised chronology based on magnetic polarity stratigraphy, and we evaluate paleotemperatures using the MBT'/CBT indices (methylation of branched tetraethers/cyclization of branched tetraethers) and hydrogen isotopic composition (D) of leaf waxes as two independent proxies of past surface elevation. Reconstructed paleotemperatures from the MBT'/CBT proxy show a more gradual cooling trend from ca. 7.6 Ma to present, consistent with less than 1000 m of elevation gain since latest Miocene–Pliocene time and in agreement with geologic evidence for accelerated shortening and exhumation at this time. The leaf wax isotopic data, on the other hand, lack a systematic trend, potentially due to fractionation changes associated with uplift-induced turnover in floral populations. Such changes could obscure isotopic variations in meteoric water, suggesting that leaf-wax isotopic compositions may not provide a direct proxy for elevation in this particular situation involving uplift in a heterogeneous tropical environment. More promising in this case is the MBT'/CBT proxy, which may offer a suitable alternative to carbonate-based paleoelevation proxies in tropical regions where year-round high precipitation rates prevent formation of soil carbonates.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7606
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2674
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Revisiting the potential of melt pond fraction as a predictor for the seasonal Arctic sea ice extent minimum (2015)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-20
    Description: The rapid change in Arctic sea ice in recent decades has led to a rising demand for seasonal sea ice prediction. A recent modeling study that employed a prognostic melt pond model in a stand-alone sea ice model found that September Arctic sea ice extent can be accurately predicted from the melt pond fraction in May. Here we show that satellite observations show no evidence of predictive skill in May. However, we find that a significantly strong relationship (high predictability) first emerges as the melt pond fraction is integrated from early May to late June, with a persistent strong relationship only occurring after late July. Our results highlight that late spring to mid summer melt pond information is required to improve the prediction skill of the seasonal sea ice minimum. Furthermore, satellite observations indicate a much higher percentage of melt pond formation in May than does the aforementioned model simulation, which points to the need to reconcile model simulations an...
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 7
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    Influence of Winter Grazing on Water and Heat Flow in Seasonally Frozen Soil of Inner Mongolia (2013)
    Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: Snowmelt infiltration and soil thawing processes are essential for understanding surface and subsurface hydrology under the cold and arid climatic conditions found in grazed Inner Mongolia grassland soils. Over a 6-yr period (2004–2009), we evaluated the effects of winter grazing and freezing/thawing cycles on (i) soil hydraulic and thermal properties, (ii) the dynamics of field soil moisture and temperature, and (iii) the contributions of snowmelt and soil thawing to the summer water balance. Two adjacent contrasting sites were selected: a site that has been ungrazed since 1999 (UG99), and a site that has been grazed during the winter (WG). The results showed that the freezing/thawing cycles changed soil hydraulic and thermal properties. Associated with those freezing-induced changes, winter grazing decreased soil moisture by 5–10% throughout the whole year (October 2005 to September 2006), increased soil temperature by 1 to 3°C in summer, and decreased it by 2 to 5°C in winter. The grazed site with lower vegetation/snow cover and larger thermal conductivity had greater freezing rates and larger soil temperature fluctuations on a daily scale than the ungrazed site. Winter precipitation (snow + rainfall) contributed 15% of the total annual water balance for the UG99 site, but only 11% for WG site. We concluded that a detailed analysis of the spring snowmelt infiltration was critical for calculating seasonal water and energy balances in this region to fully understand the hydrological and ecological processes.
    Electronic ISSN: 1539-1663
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Soil Science Society of America (SSSA)
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  • 8
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    Joint projections of US East Coast sea level and storm surge (2015)
    Springer Nature
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    Publication Date: 2015-11-26
    Description: Coastal flood risk is strongly influenced by sea-level rise and changes in tropical cyclone activity, but these factors are usually considered independently. Research now accounts for their joint contribution to coastal flood hazard for the US East Coast over the 21st century. Nature Climate Change 5 1114 doi: 10.1038/nclimate2801
    Print ISSN: 1758-678X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-6798
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
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    Transgenic elimination of high-affinity antidepressant and cocaine sensitivity in the presynaptic serotonin transporter [Neuroscience] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-02
    Description: Serotonin [i.e., 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)]–targeted antidepressants are in wide use for the treatment of mood disorders, although many patients do not show a response or experience unpleasant side effects. Psychostimulants, such as cocaine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (i.e., “ecstasy”), also impact 5-HT signaling. To help dissect the contribution of 5-HT signaling to the actions of these and other agents, we developed transgenic mice in which high-affinity recognition of multiple antidepressants and cocaine is eliminated. Our animals possess a modified copy of the 5-HT transporter (i.e., SERT, slc6a4) that bears a single amino acid substitution, I172M, proximal to the 5-HT binding site. Although the M172 substitution does not impact the recognition of 5-HT, this mutation disrupts high-affinity binding of many competitive antagonists in transfected cells. Here, we demonstrate that, in M172 knock-in mice, basal SERT protein levels, 5-HT transport rates, and 5-HT levels are normal. However, SERT M172 mice display a substantial loss of sensitivity to the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors fluoxetine and citalopram, as well as to cocaine. Through a series of biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral assays, we demonstrate the unique properties of this model and establish directly that SERT is the sole protein responsible for selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor-mediated alterations in 5-HT clearance, in 5-HT1A autoreceptor modulation of raphe neuron firing, and in behaviors used to predict the utility of antidepressants.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Impact of declining Arctic sea ice on winter snowfall [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-14
    Description: While the Arctic region has been warming strongly in recent decades, anomalously large snowfall in recent winters has affected large parts of North America, Europe, and east Asia. Here we demonstrate that the decrease in autumn Arctic sea ice area is linked to changes in the winter Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation that have some resemblance to the negative phase of the winter Arctic oscillation. However, the atmospheric circulation change linked to the reduction of sea ice shows much broader meridional meanders in midlatitudes and clearly different interannual variability than the classical Arctic oscillation. This circulation change results in more frequent episodes of blocking patterns that lead to increased cold surges over large parts of northern continents. Moreover, the increase in atmospheric water vapor content in the Arctic region during late autumn and winter driven locally by the reduction of sea ice provides enhanced moisture sources, supporting increased heavy snowfall in Europe during early winter and the northeastern and midwestern United States during winter. We conclude that the recent decline of Arctic sea ice has played a critical role in recent cold and snowy winters.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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