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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Duration of sympatry and coevolution between the great spotted cuckoo and its magpie host (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 343 (1990), S. 748-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In southern Europe, the great spotted cuckoo is a brood parasite on members of the corvid family, particularly the magá-pie8. A single cuckoo egg is laid quickly, usually during the laying period of the magpie host, while the male cuckoo distracts the magpies from the nest8'9. Great ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/343748a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuating asymmetry (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 363 (1993), S. 217-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR - Sullivan et al. suggested in Scientific Correspondence1 that the use of fluctuating asymmetry as an indicator of selective pressures on ornamental characters in animals is statistically flawed (see refs 2-5). The use of relative asymmetry, calculated as the absolute difference in the lengths ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/363217a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasitism, immune response and reproductive success in the house martin Delichonurbica (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 114 (1998), S. 188-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Cost of immune response ; Gammaglobulins ; Host-parasite interactions ; Immunoglobulins ; Oeciacushirundinis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parasites often exert strong selection pressures on their hosts that have evolved anti-parasite defences to counter the negative effects of parasites. We studied the relationship between intensity of parasitism, one aspect of host immune response, and host reproductive success, using the house martin bug Oeciacushirundinis and its house martin Delichonurbica host as a model system. Experimental manipulation of parasite load of nests during laying of the first clutch altered the intensity of parasitism. Parasites reduced the reproductive success of their hosts measured in terms of body condition and survival of nestlings. Host immune response, measured as the concentration of gammaglobulins and total plasma proteins, was positively associated with parasite reproduction, estimated as the number of juvenile parasites, but was only weakly related to the intensity of adult parasites. The concentration of gammaglobulins was negatively related to nestling body mass, implying a trade-off between immune function and body condition. Parasite reproduction thus exerts a cost on hosts by increasing the immune response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050435
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cost of parasitism and host immune defence in the sand martin Riparia riparia: a role for parent-offspring conflict? (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 9-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Immunoglobulins ; Ixodes lividus ; Leukocytes ; Riparia riparia ; Sedimentation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parent-offspring conflict may arise because the lifetime reproductive success of the parent is more influenced by its life span than by reproductive success during a particular reproductive event, while the fitness of an offspring depends firstly on its own survival as a juvenile and only subsequently on its own reproductive success. The naive immune system of young animals may allow offspring to be much more affected by parasites than their parents, and thus cause an initial asymmetry in a potential parent-offspring conflict. We investigated this type of conflict by assessing the health status and the immune response of parent and offspring sand martins Riparia riparia infested with manipulated loads of ticks Ixodes lividus (nests either treated with pyrethrin, water, or just visited). The prevalence and the intensity of tick infestations differed among treatments, with low tick loads in nests with the pyrethrin treatment. Ticks reduced the reproductive success of the host and increased offspring wing length. Broods with ticks had higher leukocyte concentrations and concentrations of immunoglobulins. The concentration of immunoglobulins in nestlings was negatively related to brood size and nestling tarsus length. Nestlings receiving the control treatments had a positive association between wing length and the concentration of immunoglobulins and a negative association between tarsus length and immunoglobulins. In contrast, adult sand martins did not respond to the parasite treatment in terms of immune response. Hence, the naive immune system of nestlings may be the crucial factor causing the parent-offspring conflict over costs of parasitism to be resolved to the advantage of parents that may sacrifice nestlings in heavily parasitized nests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050755
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental stability and pollination (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 123 (2000), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Embryo abortion ; Fertilization ; Fluctuating asymmetry ; Pollen ; Seed set
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A number of different insect species (ranging from Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera to Hymenoptera) have been shown to discriminate between small degrees of asymmetry when visiting flowers or flower-like models. Such preferences for symmetry may have an innate basis. Small degrees of bilateral or radial asymmetry of flowers are considered to represent a measure of developmental instability, since deviations from perfect symmetry reflect the inability to maintain developmental precision during ontogeny. Environmental factors causing increased asymmetry in leaves and flowers include radioactive radiation, ultraviolet radiation, excess artificial fertilizer, various pollutants, extreme saline conditions, herbivory and competition. Genetic factors that contribute to increased asymmetry in plants include homozygosity, hybridization, mutation and quantitative genetic differences among individuals. Insect preferences for symmetric flowers increase reproductive success of both pollen donors and recipients by affecting seed set and embryo abortion. The ability of insects to discriminate between flowers of superior and inferior quality is hypothesized to depend on the level of developmental instability of the perceptive apparatus of insects. Hence, asymmetry of insects may have consequences for plant reproductive success and mating patterns.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420051000
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival and reproductive rate of mites in relation to resistance of their barn swallow hosts (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 124 (2000), S. 351-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Hirundo rustica ; Ornithonyssus bursa ; Reproduction ; Sexual selection ; Survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Parasite resistance may act via a number of different mechanisms that regulate or control the survival and the reproductive rate of parasites. Observations and experiments were used to test for effects of host resistance on parasite survival and rate of reproduction. Natural levels of infestation of barn swallow Hirundo rustica nests by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa were positively related to brood size, inversely related to the length of the outermost tail feathers of male nest owners (a secondary sexual character) and affected by time of reproduction by the host. A mite inoculation experiment, in which 50 adult mites were introduced into nests during the laying period of the host, was used to test for differential survival and reproduction of mites as a function of host resistance. The relationship between survival and reproduction of parasites, male tail length and host resistance was investigated. There was a negative relationship between mite numbers per nest after fledging of nestlings and male tail length. This relationship was mainly caused by a reduction in the number of mites in the first and second nymph stage with increasing tail length of male hosts, implying a reduction in rate of reproduction of mites. The proportion of mites that had recently fed was inversely related to tail length of male hosts. The proportion of nymph stages was positively related to the proportion of mites that had recently had a blood meal. Parasite resistance of barn swallows to the tropical fowl mite thus appeared to act through increased mortality rate of adult and nymph stages of mites, and through reduced reproductive rates of mites on resistant hosts. This is the first study demonstating a direct relationship between fitness components of a parasite and the expression of a secondary sexual character of a host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420000394
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect preference for symmetrical artificial flowers (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 114 (1998), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Developmental stability ; Fluctuating asymmetry ; Plant sexual selection ; Pollinator rewards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An insect preference for floral symmetry may be maintained because plants with symmetrical flowers, which are able to control developmental processes under given environmental conditions, also are able to provide more pollinator rewards than plants with asymmetrical flowers. Alternatively, insects may have an inherent preference for symmetrical structures and thereby impose selection for the maintenance of symmetry in flowers even in the absence of any pollinator rewards. We tested for an insect preference for radially symmetrical flowers by using horizontally placed units of four circular coloured flower models varying in size and symmetry. The shape and colour of the model flowers did not resemble any naturally occurring flowers in the environment. Insects and Hymenoptera, respectively (five species of Diptera and one species of Coleoptera) that visited the flower models clearly preferred symmetrical models over asymmetrical ones, and the ranking of visits to the models reflected a preference for large, symmetrical flowers. These results provide evidence for a preference for symmetrical flower models, even in the absence of pollinator rewards.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050417
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in a heat-shock protein from blood cells in response of nestling house martins (Delichon urbica) to parasitism: an experimental approach (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 116 (1998), S. 343-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Disease ; Heat-shock protein ; Martin bug ; Sedimentation rate ; Trypanosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized by animals and plants in response to various stressors. The level of the HSP60 stress protein was measured from the cell fraction of peripheral blood obtained from nestling house martins (Delichon urbica) to test whether ectoparasitism increased the concentration of stress protein. We assessed HSP from nestlings raised in nests previously treated with an insecticide or infested with 50 martin bugs (Oeciacus hirundinis). In addition, haematozoa infections were checked in blood smears. Nestlings from parasite-infested nests, or nestlings infected with trypanosomes, had increased levels of HSP in their blood cells. Nestling growth as determined from wing length was negatively related to HSP60 levels and within-brood variation in wing length increased with increasing levels of the stress protein independently of treatment and infection by trypanosomes. These results suggest HSPs may play a role in host-parasite interactions, and that they can be used reliably for measuring physiological responses to parasites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050596
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predation against birds with low immunocompetence (2000)
    Springer
    Oecologia 122 (2000), S. 500-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Body condition ; Parasite-host interactions ; Predator-prey interactions ; Prey selection ; Spleen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Differences in the phenotypic characteristics between individuals falling prey to predators and conspecifics avoiding predation will reflect the intensity of selection on prey. If prey are generally in poor condition, we predicted that they should have an inferior health status in comparison to individuals dying for other reasons. We investigated this prediction for prey and conspecifics that did not die from predation by comparing the size of the spleen, which is an important immune defence organ reflecting one component of immunocompetence, using 18 species of passerine birds and domestic cat Felis catus predators as a model system. Prey had consistently smaller spleens than non-prey, implying that they had weak immune systems. The data set did not indicate that sex or age, month of death, body mass, body condition, liver mass, wing length or tarsus length differed significantly between prey and non-prey. Thus there was little evidence of confounding factors affecting the results. These observations indirectly suggest that disease and parasitism may play an important role in predator-prey interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050972
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ectoparasites and host energetics: house martin bugs and house martin nestlings (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 98 (1994), S. 263-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Delichon urbica ; Doubly labelled water ; House martin ; Oeciacus hirundinis ; Parasite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We measured the energy cost of ectoparasitism in an experimental study of the house martin bug Oeciacus hirundinis and its main host, nestlings of the house martin Delichon urbica. Nests were randomly assigned to inoculation with 0 (control) 10, or 100 bugs during egg laying, and this resulted in statistically significant differences in parasite loads following fledging of nestlings. Parasite loads negatively affected house martin nestlings as estimated from their body mass at age 16 days and from mass loss estimated over 1 day late in the nestling period. Daily energy expenditure (KJ/d), average daily metabolic rate (ml CO2/g h), and mass independent daily energy expenditure (kJ/mass0.67d) did not differ significantly between experimental treatments. However, average daily metabolic rate increased with increasing intensities of ectoparasitism. Mass independent daily energy expenditure also increased with higher levels of parasite infestation. These results demonstrate that the bug imposes an energy cost on its host by elevating the level of metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00324213
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