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1

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Boreal forests and tundra (1993)

Apps, M. J. ; Kurz, W. A. ; Luxmoore, R. J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 39-53

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract The circumpolar boreal biomes coverca. 2 109 ha of the northern hemisphere and containca. 800 Pg C in biomass, detritus, soil, and peat C pools. Current estimates indicate that the biomes are presently a net C sink of 0.54 Pg C yr−1. Biomass, detritus and soil of forest ecosystems (includingca. 419 Pg peat) containca. 709 Pg C and sequester an estimated 0.7 Pg C yr−1. Tundra and polar regions store 60–100 Pg C and may recently have become a net source of 0.17 Pg C yr−1. Forest product C pools, including landfill C derived from forest biomass, store less than 3 Pg C but increase by 0.06 Pg C yr−1. The mechanisms responsible for the present boreal forest net sink are believed to be continuing responses to past changes in the environment, notably recovery from the little ice-age, changes in forest disturbance regimes, and in some regions, nutrient inputs from air pollution. Even in the absence of climate change, the C sink strength will likely be reduced and the biome could switch to a C source. The transient response of terrestrial C storage to climate change over the next century will likely be accompanied by large C exchanges with the atmosphere, although the long-term (equilibrium) changes in terrestrial C storage in future vegetation complexes remains uncertain. This transient response results from the interaction of many (often non-linear) processes whose impacts on future C cycles remain poorly quantified. Only a small part of the boreal biome is directly affected by forest management and options for mitigating climate change impacts on C storage are therefore limited but the potential for accelerating the atmospheric C release are high.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104987

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Forest responses to CO2 enrichment and climate warming (1993)

Luxmoore, R. J. ; Wullschleger, S. D. ; Hanson, P. J.

Springer

Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 309-323

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ISSN: 1573-2932

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Two of the major uncertainties in forecasting future terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2 are the CO2-enhanced growth response of forests and soil warming effects on net CO2 efflux from forests. Carbon dioxide enrichment of tree seedlings over time periods less than 1 yr has generally resulted in enhanced rates of photosynthesis, decreased respiration, and increased growth, with minor increases in leaf area and small changes in C allocation. Exposure of woody species to elevated CO2 over several years has shown that high rates of photosynthesis may be sustained, but net C accumulation may not necessarily increase if CO2 release from soil respiration increases. The impact of the 25% rise in atmospheric CO2 with industrialization has been examined in tree ring chronologies from a range of species and locations. In contrast to the seedling tree results, there is no convincing evidence for CO2-enhanced stem growth of mature trees during the last several decades. However, if mature trees show a preferential root growth response to CO2 enrichment, the gain in root mass for an oak-hickory forest in eastern Tennessee is estimated to be only 9% over the last 40 years. Root data bases are inadequate for detecting such an effect. A very small shift in ecosystem nutrients from soil to vegetation could support CO2-enhanced growth. Climate warming and the accompanying increase in mean soil temperature could have a greater effect than CO2 enrichment on terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2. Soil respiration and N mineralization have been shown to increase with soil temperature. If plant growth increases with increased N availability, and more C is fixed in growth than is released by soil respiration, then a negative feedback on climate warming will occur. If warming results in a net increase in CO2 efflux from forests, then a positive feedback will follow. A 2 to 4°C increase in soil temperature could increase CO2 efflux from soil by 15 to 32% in eastern deciduous forests. Quantifying C budget responses of forests to future global change scenarios will be speculative until mature tree responses to CO2 enrichment and the effects of temperature on terrestrial sources and sinks of CO2 can be determined.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01105004

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Growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in relation to water, nitrogen, and light intensity (1971)

Luxmoore, R. J. ; Millington, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 34 (1971), S. 561-574

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Lolium perenne, was grown in sand pot culture in a controlled environment cabinet. A factorial arrangement of three nitrogen treatments, two soil water levels and two light intensity treatments were applied and the plants were harvested at 33, 46 and 60 days from germination. Growth analysis showed that nitrogen and water treatments affected dry-weight production by their effects on leaf area duration while the dry-weight response to increased light intensity was due to an increase in leaf area duration and net assimilation rate. The effects of nitrogen and water on net assimilation rate were small. The rate of transpiration per unit leaf area increased with light intensity associated with greater stomatal aperture and a greater vapour pressure deficit. Nitrogen supply had no effect on the rate of transpiration per unit leaf area, while increase in water supply slightly increased transpiration rate. The effects of nitrogen and water on total water loss were largely due to their effects on leaf area duration. Light intensity also affected water loss by its influence on leaf area duration. The root weight duration (integral of root weight with respect to time) was used in interpreting the nitrogen uptake by the plants. Nitrogen uptake was a function of external nitrogen concentration and at the higher water content, uptake per unit root weight duration was reduced. This effect was attributed to nutrient dilution at the higher water content. Further analysis indicated that the plants were, in general, unable to take up nitrogen at the rate at which it was convected to the root system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01372813

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Soil temperature and soil aeration effects on protein and free amino acid concentrations in wheat grain (1974)

Labanauskas, C. K. ; Luxmoore, R. J. ; Stolzy, L. H.

Springer

Plant and soil 41 (1974), S. 351-363

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary The root environment of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) plants was modified with soil temperature and soil aeration treatments for 30 days during the grain filling stage to evaluate the effects of soil temperature and aeration treatments on the protein and free amino acids in the milk and mature stages of wheat grain. The sum of the protein amino acids in the milk stage grain from plants grown at the 5°C soil temperature was significantly lower than that found in the seeds from plants grown at the 15°C soil temperature, but was not significantly different from the sum found in the seeds of plants grown at the 25°C temperature. Differential soil temperatures did not affect the free amino acids in the milk stage grain. The sums of protein and free amino acids in the mature grain were significantly higher in plants grown at the 25°C soil temperature than at 5 and 15°C. Free methionine only was lower in the grain from plants grown at the 25°C temperature than that found in the grain from plants grown at 5 and 15°C. The soil aeration treatments had no significant influence on amino acids in the milk stage or mature grain. There were, however, several significant interactions between soil temperature and soil aeration on the individual protein and the sum of protein amino acid concentrations in the milk stage grain. At the 25°C soil temperature the protein proline and the sum of protein amino acids increased as soil aeration decreased. At 15°C soil temperature, the concentrations of protein proline and the sum of protein amino acids in the grain were increased with an increase in soil aeration.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017263

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Elevated atmospheric CO2 effects on seedling growth, nutrient uptake, and rhizosphere bacterial populations ofLiriodendron tulipifera L. (1987)

O'Neill, E. G. ; Luxmoore, R. J. ; Norby, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 104 (1987), S. 3-11

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: elevated CO2 ; nitrifiers ; phosphate-dissolving bacteria ; rhizosphere ; yellow-poplar

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) seedlings were planted in unfertilized forest soil in boxes with a removable side panel and grown in atmospheres containing either ambient (367 μl l−1) or elevated (692 μl l−1) CO2. Numbers of total bacteria, nitrifiers, and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere and in nonrhizosphere soil were measured every 6 weeks for 24 weeks. Seedling growth and nutrient content were measured at a final whole-plant harvest. Root, leaf, and total dry weights were significantly greater, and specific leaf area was significantly less, in 692 ml l−1 than in ambient CO2. Uptake per gram plant dry weight of N, S, and B was lower at elevated CO2, whereas uptake of P, K, Cu, Al, and Fe was proportional to growth in both CO2 treatments. Total uptake and uptake per g plant dry weight of Ca, Mg, Sr, Ba, Zn, and Mn were not affected by CO2 treatment. Bacterial populations differed due to CO2 only at the final harvest, where there were significantly fewer nitrite-oxidizers and phosphate-dissolving bacteria in the rhizosphere of seedlings grown at 692 μl l−1 CO2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370618

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Growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in relation to water, nitrogen, and light intensity (1971)

Luxmoore, R. J. ; Millington, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 34 (1971), S. 269-281

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Lolium perenne, cultivar New Zealand Mother was grown in sand pot culture in a controlled-environment cabinet. Three nitrogen treatments, two water levels and two light intensities were applied in factorial arrangement and the plants were harvested at 33, 46, and 60 days from germination. The responses of dry weight, tiller number, and leaf area to the treatments were examined. The treatment effects on total leaf area at the final harvest were related to variation in both tiller number and the size of new and expanded leaves. There were no effects on the average number of either new or expanded leaves per tiller. Variation in total dry weight at the final harvest was related to treatment effects on both tiller number and the mean dry weight per tiller. Tiller weight increased with higher light intensity and higher water level, but decreased with added nitrogen. The relative distribution of dry matter between leaves, sheaths and roots was greatly influenced by the treatments. Tillering responded markedly to change in light intensity, nitrogen and water supply, and variation in tiller number was the major morphological response of perennial ryegrass associated with variation in total dry weight and leaf area.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01372784

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Increases in mycorrhizal colonization and seedling growth in Pinusechinata and Quercusalba in an enriched CO2 atmosphere (1987)

O'Neill, E. G. ; Luxmoore, R. J. ; Norby, R. J.

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 1987; 17(8): 878-883. Published 1987 Aug 01. doi: 10.1139/x87-139.

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Publication Date: 1987-08-01

Description: Forest tree biomass is hypothesized to increase in a CO2-enriched atmosphere if mechanisms exist to ensure acquisition of limiting nutrients in forest soils. Investment of additional photosynthate produced at elevated CO2 into mycorrhizal proliferation and root growth may provide one such mechanism. To test this hypothesis, mycorrhizal density and seedling biomass were measured in shortleaf pine (Pinusechinata Mill.) and white oak (Quercusalba L.) grown in unfertilized forest soil in controlled-environment chambers at 360 μL L−1 and 700 μL L−1 CO2. Mycorrhizal density was greater at elevated CO2 in both species after 6 weeks of exposure; in white oak, the increased density persisted for 24 weeks. Root dry weight was increased 76% in P. echinata and 91% in Q. alba at 700 μL L−1 CO2; total seedling dry weight was increased by 66 and 56%, respectively. It is hypothesized that increased photosynthesis at elevated CO2 offsets the carbon requirement for mycorrhizal establishment on shortleaf pine. Greater mycorrhizal density and enhanced 1st-year root growth in both species may facilitate future nutrient acquisition, supporting further biomass increases in an enriched CO2 atmosphere.

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition