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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 47 (1982), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Goldfish skeletal muscle was examined with the electron microscope to investigate the ultrastructural changes produced by freezing. Aquarium fish were used to circumvent the variables associated with catching and killing large food fish. Muscle tissue was frozen slowly in a refrigerator or quickly in liquid nitrogen. The results confirm the conclusions in the literature that fast freezing produces many small ice crystals which cause minimum dislocation of tissue ultrastructural components, whereas slow freezing generates fewer large ice crystals which distort cells and crush myofibrils. These results reveal the ultrastructural counterpart to those alterations which are visible in the light microscope using much simpler equipment and methodology [Bello et al. (1981), J. Food Sci. 46: 733].
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple and practical histological preparative procedure that causes minimum damage and distortion in the arrangement and organization of muscular tissue of fish was developed, which includes: fixation in Sanfelice fluid, dehydration in Cellosolve, infiltration in Parlodion, clearing in chloroform, infiltration and embedding in paraffin, sectioning (4–8 μm), and staining in a modified Massontrichrome stain. The procedure permitted the clear observation of muscle cells at the myofibrillar level. Sensible changes in the configuration and arrangement of the muscular tissue due to the rate of freezing and the postmortem condition, including spoilage, were clearly distinguished. Holding and spoilage progressively expanded the extracellular space at the expense of shrunken muscle cells and clumped myofibrils. Freezing also increased the extracellular space with cellular and myofibrillar compression between ice crystals. These alterations are diagnostic of prior tissue treatment and are easily obtained with simple histological methods.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 5 (1970), S. 222-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mechanochemistry ; Bone ; Remodeling ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un mécanisme nouveau tente d'expliquer comment des forces mécaniques augmentées ou diminuées, appliquées à l'os, sont transformées en activité ostéoblastique et/ou ostéoclastique. Une hypothèse mécano-chimique du remaniement osseux, induit par stress mécanique, est émise pour expliquer ce phénomène. L'os répond á un stress mécanique par une croissance différentielle de façon á résister au stress appliqué: par suite le remaniement osseux induit mécaniquement est probablement sous le controle d'un système “feedback” négatif. L'hypothèse consiste dans le fait qu'un changement de charge au niveau de l'os modifie la tension au niveau des cristaux d'apatite de l'os. Ceci modifie la solubilité des cristaux qui fournit ainsi le message de “feedback” négatif nécessaire aux cellules osseuses, sous la forme d'un changement chimique, indiut par un phénomène mécanique. Les cellules aggissent alors pour compenser les modifications de l'activé calcique localisée soit en construisant de l'os pour redistribuer le stress augmenté, ou en résorbant de l'os, qui est en surplus des besoins structuraux, liés à un stress réduit. Pour tester cette hypothèse, des cristaux d'hydroxyleapatite sont soumis à un stress et des changements d'activité ionique du calcium sont enregistrés à l'aide d'une électrode à cation divalent. Les résultats démontrent qu'un effet mécano-chimique peut etre détecté dans les cristaux d'apatite qui, soumis à un stress, engendrent une activité en calcium de 9×10−5 moles/litres et de 7×10−5 moles/litre, dans des conditions sans stress. Les résultats expérimentaux de cette étude et les données de la physiologie cellulaire s'accordent avec l'hypothèse mécano-chimique proposée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Um zu erklären, in welcher Weise auf Knochen applizierte, erhöhte oder verminderte mechanische Stresse zu einer Osteoblasten- und/oder Osteoklastenaktivität führen, wird ein neuer Mechanismus vorgeschlagen. Eine mechanochemische Hypothese der Knochenneubildung, verursacht durch mechanische Stresse, wird besprochen, um dieses Phänomen zu erklären. Knochen reagiert auf mechanische Stresse mit differenziertem Wachstum, um damit dem angewandten Stress zu widerstehen; daraus folgt, daß mechanisch induzierte Knochenneubildung vermutlich durch ein negatives Feedback-System reguliert wird. Die Hypothese besteht darin, daß eine Veränderung der Ladung des Knochens eine Veränderung der Spannung der Hydroxyapatitkristalle im Knochen zur Folge hat. Dies wiederum verändert die Löslichkeit der Kristalle und gibt damit die benötigte negative Feedback-Botschaft an die Knochenzellen in Form einer mechanischinduzierten chemischen Umgestaltung weiter. Die Zellen verhalten sich nun dementsprechend, um der Änderung der örtlichen Calciumaktivität entgegenzuwirken; entweder wird Knochengewebe gebildet, um einen erhöhten Stress neu zu verteilen, oder jener Knochenanteil wird beseitigt, der bei reduziertem Stress einen Überschuß der Strukturbedürfnisse darstellt. Um diese Annahme zu überprüfen, wurden synthetische Hydroxyapatitkristalle einem Stress unterworfen, und die Änderung in der Aktivität der Calciumionen wurde mittels einer divalenten Elektrode zur Messung der Kationenaktivität registriert. Die Resultate zeigen, daß ein mechanochemischer Effekt in den Hydroxyapatitkristallen nachgewiesen werden kann, die unter Stress eine Calciumaktivität von 9·10−5 Mol/Liter, dagegen ohne Stress eine solche von 7·10−5 Mol/Liter erzeugen. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen einerseits und die Aussagen der Zellenphysiologie andererseits stimmen mit der hier vorgeschlagenen mechanochemischen Hypothese überein.
    Notes: Abstract A new mechanism is presented to explain how increased or decreased mechanical stresses applied to bone are translated into osteoblastic and/or osteoclastic activity. A mechano-chemical hypothesis for bone remodeling induced by mechanical stress is presented in an attempt to explain this phenomenon. Bone responds to mechanical stress by differential growth so as to resist the applied stress; therefore mechanically induced bone remodeling is probably regulated by a negative feedback system. The hypothesis is that a change in the loading of bone results in an altered straining of the hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. This in turn alters the solubility of the crystals, providing the required negative feedback message to the bone cells in the form of a mechanically induced chemical change. The cells then take appropriate action to compensate for the alteration in the localized calcium activity either by building up bone to redistribute an increased stress, or by removing bone which is surplus to the structural needs imposed by a reduced stress. In order to test the hypothesis, synthetic hydroxyapatite crystals were stressed and changes in calcium ion activity were recorded from a divalent cation activity electrode. The results show that a mechanochemical effect can be detected in hydroxyapatite crystals which, when stressed, generate a calcium activity of 9×10−5 moles/l compared to 7×10−5 moles/l when unstressed. The experimental results in this study and evidence from cellular physiology are consistent with the mechanochemical hypothesis proposed here.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 8 (1988), S. 433-439 
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Modulation transfer function ; Phase contrast ; Amplitude contrast ; Emulsion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Focus in transmission electron microscopy, especially at low-to-moderate powers, is usually achieved by an empirical, though largely haphazard, process of defocusing the objective below what is known to be perfect focus as defined by the absence of Fresnel diffraction fringes at the edges of holes. In this article we provide a precise, empirical method of focus, whose rationale resides in the less-than-perfect image transfer from the image space of the objective to the negative, i.e., the modulation transfer function. In practice, “perfect focus,” as defined above, is established with a beam deflector (“wobbler”), to which underfocus is then applied routinely by reference to a table. Such “critical underfocus” values have to be calibrated, as described here, for each microscope and depend on all factors that influence contrast, that is, accelerating voltage, condenser defocus and coherence of illumination, focal length of the objective, aperture sizes, combination of intermediate and projection lenses, and the properties of the photographic emulsion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1988-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0741-0581
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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