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  • 1
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    Results of the Test Program for Replacement of AK-225G Solvent for Cleaning NASA Propulsion Oxygen Systems (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Since the 1990's, when the Class I Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113) was banned, NASA's propulsion test facilities at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Stennis Space Center (SSC) have relied upon the solvent AsahiKlin AK-225 (hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225ca/cb or HCFC-225ca/cb) and, more recently AK-225G (the single isomer form, HCFC-225cb) to safely clean and verify the cleanliness of large scale propulsion oxygen systems. Effective January 1, 2015, the production, import, export, and new use of Class II Ozone Depleting Substances, including AK-225G, was prohibited in the United States by the Clean Air Act. In 2012 through 2014, NASA test labs at MSFC, SSC, and Johnson Space Center's White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) collaborated to seek out, test, and qualify a solvent replacement for AK-225G that is both an effective cleaner and safe for use with oxygen systems. This paper summarizes the tests performed, results, and lessons learned.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M14-4038 , International Symposium of Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmosphere; Apr 13, 2016 - Apr 15, 2016; San Antonio, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    Analysis of Risks to Oxygen Systems from Particulate and Fiber Contaminants and Derivation of Cleanliness Requirements (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: It has been well documented in the literature that contamination within oxygen systems can create significant fire hazards. Cleanliness limits for nonvolatile residues, ranging from 10 to 500 milligrams per square meter, have been established for various industries and types of oxygen systems to reduce the risk of ignition of flammable organic films. Particulate cleanliness limits used for oxygen systems, however, vary considerably, notably within the aerospace industry. Maximum allowed particle size, quantity limits, and allocations for fibers or metallic particles are all variables seen in aerospace cleanliness limits. Particles are known to have the potential to ignite within oxygen systems and must be limited to prevent fires. Particulate contamination may also pose risks to the performance of oxygen systems that are unrelated to ignition hazards. An extensive literature search was performed to better understand the relative importance of particle ignition mechanisms versus other deleterious effects of particles on oxygen systems and to identify rationale for derivation of particulate cleanliness limits for specific systems. The identified risks of different types and sizes of particles and fibers were analyzed. This paper summarizes the risks identified and rationale that may be used to derive particulate cleanliness limits for specific oxygen systems.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support; Environment Pollution; Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry
    Type: M14-4037 , International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres; Apr 13, 2016 - Apr 15, 2016; San Antonio, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Replacement of HCFC-225 Solvent for Cleaning NASA Propulsion Oxygen Systems (2015)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Since the 1990's, when the Class I Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS) chlorofluorocarbon113 (CFC113) was banned, NASA's propulsion test facilities at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Stennis Space Center (SSC) have relied upon hydrochlorofluorocarbon225 (HCFC225) to safely clean and verify the cleanliness of large scale propulsion oxygen systems. Effective January 1, 2015, the production, import, export, and new use of HCFC225, a Class II ODS, was prohibited by the Clean Air Act. In 2012 through 2014, leveraging resources from both NASA and the Defense Logistics Agency Aviation Hazardous Minimization and Green Products Branch, test labs at MSFC, SSC, and Johnson Space Center's White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) collaborated to seek out, test, and qualify a replacement for HCFC225 that is both an effective cleaner and safe for use with oxygen systems. This presentation summarizes the tests performed, results, and lessons learned. It also demonstrates the benefits of crossagency collaboration in a time of limited resources.
    Keywords: Nonmetallic Materials; Spacecraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: M14-4036 , Precision Machining Technology Show 2015 (PMTS 2015); Apr 21, 2015 - Apr 23, 2015; Columbus, OH; United States|Parts Cleaning Conference and Exposition (PCx); Apr 21, 2015 - Apr 22, 2015; Columbus, OH; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    NASA Rocket Propulsion Test Replacement Effort for Oxygen System Cleaner - Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 225 (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: Gaseous and liquid oxygen are extremely reactive materials used in bipropellant propulsion systems. Both flight and ground oxygen systems require a high level of cleanliness to support engine performance, testing, and prevent mishaps. Solvents used to clean and verify the cleanliness of oxygen systems and supporting test hardware must be compatible with the system's materials of construction and effective at removing or reducing expected contaminants to an acceptable level. This paper will define the philosophy and test approach used for evaluating replacement solvents for the current Marshall Space Flight Center/Stennis Space Center baseline HCFC225 material that will no longer be available for purchase after 2014. MSFC/SSC applications in cleaning / sampling oxygen propulsion components, support equipment, and test system were reviewed then candidate replacement cleaners and test methods selected. All of these factors as well as testing results will be discussed.
    Keywords: Spacecraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: M14-3288 , National Space and Missile Materials Symposium (NSMMS); Jun 23, 2014 - Jun 26, 2014; Huntsville, AL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    The Search for Nonflammable Solvent Alternatives for Cleaning Aerospace Oxygen Systems (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-19
    Description: To obtain a high degree of cleanliness without risk of corrosion or hazardous reactivity, hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-225 is used for cleaning and cleanliness verification of oxygen system components used on NASA fs bipropellant launch vehicles, associated test stands and support equipment. HCFC-225 is a Class II Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS ]II) that was introduced to replace chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-113, a Class I ODS solvent that is now banned. To meet environmental regulations to eliminate the use of ozone depleting substances, a replacement solvent is required for HCFC ]225 that is effective at removing oils, greases, and particulate from large oxygen system components, is compatible with materials used in the construction of these systems, and is nonflammable and non ]reactive in enriched oxygen environments. A solvent replacement is also required for aviator fs breathing oxygen systems and other related equipment currently cleaned and verified with HCFC ]225 and stockpiled CFC -113. Requirements and challenges in the search for nonflammable replacement solvents are discussed.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M12-2280 , 2012 International Workshop on Environment and Alternative Energy; Dec 04, 2012 - Dec 07, 2012; Greenbelt, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Results of the Test Program for Replacement of AK-225G Solvent for Cleaning NASA Propulsion Oxygen Systems (2016)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Since the 1990's, when the Class I Ozone Depleting Substance chlorofluorocarbon-113 was banned, NASA's propulsion test facilities at Marshall Space Flight Center and Stennis Space Center have relied upon the solvent Asahiklin AK-225 (hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225ca/cb or HCFC-225ca/cb) and, more recently AK-225G (the single isomer form, HCFC-225cb) to safely clean and verify the cleanliness of large scale propulsion oxygen systems. Effective January 1, 2015, the production, import, export, and new use of Class II Ozone Depleting Substances, including AK-225G, was prohibited in the United States by the Clean Air Act. In 2012 through 2014, NASA test labs at MSFC, SSC, and Johnson Space Center's White Sands Test Facility collaborated to seek out, test, and qualify a solvent replacement for AK-225G that is both an effective cleaner and safe for use with oxygen systems. This paper summarizes the tests performed, results, and lessons learned.
    Keywords: Launch Vehicles and Launch Operations; Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M15-4746 , International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres; Apr 13, 2016 - Apr 15, 2016; San Antonio, TX; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Capabilities of the Impact Testing Facility at Marshall Space Flight Center (2011)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The test and analysis capabilities of the Impact Testing Facility at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center are described. Nine different gun systems accommodate a wide range of projectile and target sizes and shapes at velocities from subsonic through hypersonic, to accomplish a broad range of ballistic and hypervelocity impact tests. These gun systems include ballistic and microballistic gas and powder guns, a two-stage light gas gun, and specialty guns for weather encounter studies. The ITF "rain gun" is the only hydrometeor impact gun known to be in existence in the United States that can provide single impact performance data with known raindrop sizes. Simulation of high velocity impact is available using the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic Code. The Impact Testing Facility provides testing, custom test configuration design and fabrication, and analytical services for NASA, the Department of Defense, academic institutions, international space agencies, and private industry in a secure facility located at Marshall Space Flight Center, on the US Army's Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama. This facility performs tests that are subject to International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and DoD secret classified restrictions as well as proprietary and unrestricted tests for civil space agencies, academic institutions, and commercial aerospace and defense companies and their suppliers.
    Keywords: Engineering (General)
    Type: M11-0789 , M11-1008 , 62nd Annual Meeting of the Aeroballistic Range Association; Sep 18, 2011 - Sep 23, 2011; Put-in-Bay, OH; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
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    The Search for Nonflammable Solvent Alternatives for Cleaning Aerospace Oxygen Systems (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Oxygen systems are susceptible to fires caused by particle and nonvolatile residue (NVR) contaminants, therefore cleaning and verification is essential for system safety. . Cleaning solvents used on oxygen system components must be either nonflammable in pure oxygen or complete removal must be assured for system safety. . CFC -113 was the solvent of choice before 1996 because it was effective, least toxic, compatible with most materials of construction, and non ]reactive with oxygen. When CFC -113 was phased out in 1996, HCFC -225 was selected as an interim replacement for cleaning propulsion oxygen systems at NASA. HCFC-225 production phase-out date is 01/01/2015. HCFC ]225 (AK ]225G) is used extensively at Marshall Space Flight Center and Stennis Space Center for cleaning and NVR verification on large propulsion oxygen systems, and propulsion test stands and ground support equipment. . Many components are too large for ultrasonic agitation - necessary for effective aqueous cleaning and NVR sampling. . Test stand equipment must be cleaned prior to installation of test hardware. Many items must be cleaned by wipe or flush in situ where complete removal of a flammable solvent cannot be assured. The search for a replacement solvent for these applications is ongoing.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M12-2295 , 2012 International Workshop on Environment and Alternative Energy; Dec 04, 2012 - Dec 07, 2012; Greenbelt, MD; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Contamination Control and Hardware Processing Solutions at Marshall Space Flight Center (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: The Contamination Control Team of Marshall Space Flight Center's Materials and Processes Laboratory supports many Programs/ Projects that design, manufacture, and test a wide range of hardware types that are sensitive to contamination and foreign object damage (FOD). Examples where contamination/FOD concerns arise include sensitive structural bondline failure, critical orifice blockage, seal leakage, and reactive fluid compatibility (liquid oxygen, hydrazine) as well as performance degradation of sensitive instruments or spacecraft surfaces such as optical elements and thermal control systems. During the design phase, determination of the sensitivity of a hardware system to different types or levels of contamination/FOD is essential. A contamination control and FOD control plan must then be developed and implemented through all phases of ground processing, and, sometimes, on-orbit use, recovery, and refurbishment. Implementation of proper controls prevents cost and schedule impacts due to hardware damage or rework and helps assure mission success. Current capabilities are being used to support recent and on-going activities for multiple Mission Directorates / Programs such as International Space Station (ISS), James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), Space Launch System (SLS) elements (tanks, engines, booster), etc. The team also advances Green Technology initiatives and addresses materials obsolescence issues for NASA and external customers, most notably in the area of solvent replacement (e.g. aqueous cleaners containing hexavalent chrome, ozone depleting chemicals (CFC s and HCFC's), suspect carcinogens). The team evaluates new surface cleanliness inspection and cleaning technologies (e.g. plasma cleaning), and maintains databases for processing support materials as well as outgassing and optical compatibility test results for spaceflight environments.
    Keywords: Space Processing
    Type: M12-1881 , M12-1871 , National Space and Missile Symposium; Jun 25, 2012 - Jun 29, 2012; Tampa, FL; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Laboratory Evaluation of Drop-in Solvent Alternatives to n-Propyl Bromide for Vapor Degreasing (2012)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Based on this limited laboratory study, solvent blends of trans-1,2 dichloroethylene with HFEs, HFCs, or PFCs appear to be viable alternatives to n-propyl bromide for vapor degreasing. The lower boiling points of these blends may lead to greater solvent loss during use. Additional factors must be considered when selecting a solvent substitute, including stability over time, VOC, GWP, toxicity, and business considerations.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: M12-1709 , Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability Symposium; May 21, 2012 - May 24, 2012; New Orleans, LA; United States
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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