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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The atmospheric sulfur cycle in ECHAM-4 and its impact on the shortwave radiation (1997)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 13 (1997), S. 235-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract.  The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4 is coupled to a chemistry model to calculate sulfate mass distribution and the radiative forcing due to sulfate aerosol particles. The model simulates the main components of the hydrological cycle and, hence, it allows an explicit treatment of cloud transformation processes and precipitation scavenging. Two experiments are performed, one with pre-industrial and one with present-day sulfur emissions. In the pre-industrial emission scenario SO2 is oxidized faster to sulfate and the in-cloud oxidation via the reaction with ozone is more important than in the present-day scenario. The atmospheric sulfate mass due to anthropogenic emissions is estimated as 0.38 Tg sulfur. The radiative forcing due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosols is calculated diagnostically. The backscattering of shortwave radiation (direct effect) as well as the impact of sulfate aerosols on the cloud albedo (indirect effect) is estimated. The model predicts a direct forcing of −0.35 W m-2 and an indirect forcing of −0.76 W m-2. Over the continents of the Northern Hemisphere the direct forcing amounts to −0.64 W m-2. The geographical distribution of the direct and indirect effect is very different. Whereas the direct forcing is strongest over highly polluted continental regions, the indirect forcing over sea exceeds that over land. It is shown that forcing estimates based on monthly averages rather than on instantaneous sulfate pattern overestimate the indirect effect but have little effect on the direct forcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050163
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model (1996)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 12 (1996), S. 557-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. A new cloud microphysics scheme including a prognostic treatment of cloud ice (PCI) is developed to yield a more physically based representation of the components of the atmospheric moisture budget in the general circulation model ECHAM. The new approach considers cloud water and cloud ice as separate prognostic variables. The precipitation formation scheme for warm clouds distinguishes between maritime and continental clouds by considering the cloud droplet number concentration, in addition to the liquid water content. Based on several observational data sets, the cloud droplet number concentration is derived from the sulfate aerosol mass concentration as given from the sulfur cycle simulated by ECHAM. Results obtained with the new scheme are compared to satellite observations and in situ measurements of cloud physical and radiative properties. In general, the standard model ECHAM4 and also PCI capture the overall features, and the simulated results usually lie within the range of observed uncertainty. As compared to ECHAM4, only slight improvements are achieved with the new scheme. For example, the overestimated liquid water path and total cloud cover over convectively active regions are reduced in PCI. On the other hand, some shortcomings of the standard model such as underestimated shortwave cloud forcing over the extratropical oceans of the respective summer hemisphere are more pronounced in PCI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003820050128
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design and performance of a new cloud microphysics scheme developed for the ECHAM general circulation model (1996)
    Springer
    Climate dynamics 12 (1996), S. 557-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0894
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new cloud microphysics scheme including a prognostic treatment of cloud ice (PCI) is developed to yield a more physically based representation of the components of the atmospheric moisture budget in the general circulation model ECHAM. The new approach considers cloud water and cloud ice as separate prognostic variables. The precipitation formation scheme for warm clouds distinguishes between maritime and continental clouds by considering the cloud droplet number concentration, in addition to the liquid water content. Based on several observational data sets, the cloud droplet number concentration is derived from the sulfate aerosol mass concentration as given from the sulfur cycle simulated by ECHAM. Results obtained with the new scheme are compared to satellite observations and in situ measurements of cloud physical and radiative properties. In general, the standard model ECHAM4 and also PCI capture the overall features, and the simulated results usually lie within the range of observed uncertainty. As compared to ECHAM4, only slight improvements are achieved with the new scheme. For example, the overestimated liquid water path and total cloud cover over convectively active regions are reduced in PCI. On the other hand, some shortcomings of the standard model such as underestimated shortwave cloud forcing over the extratropical oceans of the respective summer hemisphere are more pronounced in PCI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207939
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ursachen der Verunreinigung von Brüdendämpfen (1961)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 33 (1961), S. 446-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden die Ursachen für die Verunreinigung des Brüdendampfes aufgezeigt und Formeln für das Ausmaß der Verunreinigung aufgestellt, um wirksame Gegenmaßnahmen treffen zu können. Für den Vergleich von Brüdenräumen hinsichtlich ihrer Abscheidewirkung wird eine Faustregel angegeben.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330330610
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung ebener Vorkammerdeckel (1963)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 35 (1963), S. 659-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Vorkammer von Rohrbündel-Wärmetauschern wird oft durch einen ebenen Deckel verschlossen. Zur Berechnung der Deckeldicke gibt es verschiedene Verfahren, die jedoch zu recht unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen führen. Nachfolgend werden vier Berechnungs methoden kritisch miteinander verglichen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330350911
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Naßverbrennung (1965)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 37 (1965), S. 913-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Naßverbrennung organischer Substanzen sind die im Wasser verbleibenden Verbrennungsprodukte harmlos, steril, meist ungiftig und sedimentieren gut. Das Asche-Volumen ist gering. Das Verfahren eignet sich daher gut zur Beseitigung organischer Abfallstoffe. Es besteht in einer flammlosen, sich selbst unterhaltenden Oxydation. Betriebserfahrungen und Kostenanalysen für eine Großanlage mit 200 t Tagesdurchsatz liegen bereits vor. Mit der Planung der ersten großtechnischen Naßverbrennungsanlage in Deutschland ist begonnen worden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330370908
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neue Alkylchlorsulfonium-Salze und Kristallstruktur von Diethylchlorsulfoni-umhexachloroantimonat (C2H5)2SCl+SbCl6- (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 621 (1995), S. 1547-1551 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Dialkylchlorosulfonium hexachloroantimonates ; crystal structure ; preparation ; IR, Raman, NMR spectra ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Alkylchlorosulfonium Salts and Crystal Structure of Diethylchlorosulfonium-Hexachloroantimonate (C2H5)2SCl+SbCl6-We describe the preparation and spectroscopic characterization of Dialkylchlorosulfonium-Hexachloroantimonates R2SCl+SbCl6- (R = C2H5, i-C3H7) and the crystal structure of Diethylchlorosulfonium-Hexachloroantimonate (C2H5)2SCl+SbCl6- at 172(1) K. The salt crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with a = 980.4(13) pm, b = 1010.6(8) pm, c = 1492.8(14) pm with four formula units per unit cell.
    Notes: Es wird die Darstellung und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Dialkylchlorsulfoniumhexachloroantimonaten R2SCl+SbCl6- (R = C2H5, i-C3H7), sowie die Einkristallröntgenstrukturanalyse von Diethylchlorsulfoniumhexachloroantimonat (C2H5)2SCl+SbCl6- bei 172(1) K beschrieben. Das Salz kristallisiert in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe P212121 mit a = 980,4(13) pm, b = 1010,6(8) pm, c = 1492,8(14) pm mit 4 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19956210919
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  • 8
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    Mixed-Phase Clouds: Progress and Challenges (2017)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0065-9401
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3646
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by American Meteorological Society
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  • 9
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    Constraining aerosol effects on cloud forcing [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences] (2016)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-25
    Description: A large number of processes are involved in the chain from emissions of aerosol precursor gases and primary particles to impacts on cloud radiative forcing. Those processes are manifest in a number of relationships that can be expressed as factors dlnX/dlnY driving aerosol effects on cloud radiative forcing. These factors...
    Keywords: Sackler Colloquium on Improving Our Fundamental Understanding of the Role of Aerosol&ndash ; Cloud Int
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    A cirrus cloud climate dial? (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Keywords: Engineering
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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