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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biomechanical and neurophysiological studies on audition in eared and earless harlequin frogs (Atelopus) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 183 (1998), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Keywords Anura ; Atelopus ; Torus semicircularis ; Tissue displacement ; Auditory pathways
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue displacement of various body surfaces and the auditory midbrain sensitivities to sound were measured in Atelopus species with or without a tympanic middle ear (“eared” and “earless”, respectively). Tissue displacement (vibration) of body regions was measured by laser Doppler vibrometer . The body wall directly overlying the lung is most dramatically displaced by sound pressure in all species tested. The otic (lateral head) region showed low displacement in earless species, but significant displacement to high-frequency sound in eared species. Peak tissue displacement of the body wall occurred within the frequency range of each species' advertisement vocalization. Peak tissue displacement of the otic region of the eared species also occurred within these frequencies. Multi-unit neurophysiological recordings of the auditory midbrain (torus semicircularis) also were obtained. Auditory sensitivity curves showed three distinct regions of sensitivity at low, middle, and high frequencies, the latter located within the frequency range of each species' advertisement vocalization. The correlation between auditory midbrain sensitivity and tissue displacement of the body wall region at advertisement vocalization frequencies, suggests that the body wall/lungs serve as the route of sound transfer to the inner ear in earless species and possibly in the eared species as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050254
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lung-based hearing in an “earless” anuran amphibian (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 395-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Anuran amphibia ; Bombina ; Hearing ; Lung ; Middle ear
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of hearing in the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis, an “earless” species of amphibian that lacks a standard tympanic middle ear, were studied using laser Doppler vibrometric and neurophysiological techniques. Laser vibrometry demonstrated that the anterolateral body wall overlying the lung is much more responsive to sound than the lateral head surface overlying the inner ear. Covering the lateral body wall with silicone grease dramatically decreased auditory midbrain sensitivity at all frequencies examined, elevating thresholds by 20–25 dB. Filling the lungs with oxygenated saline produced similar decrements in hearing sensitivity, and both manipulations strongly suggest that the lung is the primary route of sound reception in this species. The precise route of transfer of sound energy from the body wall and lungs to the inner ear remains unclear. The lung-based hearing system of “earless” fire-bellied toads may represent the retention of the first auditory mechanism used by early tetrapod vertebrates for detection of airborne sound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050338
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semaphoring in an earless frog: the origin of a novel visual signal (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 83-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Visual signals ; Semaphoring ; Communication ; Bufonidae ; Atelopus zeteki
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Social communication in anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) is mediated predominantly by acoustic signals. Unlike most anurans, the Panamanian golden frog, Atelopus zeteki, lacks a standard tympanic middle ear and appears to have augmented its communicatory repertoire to include rotational limb motions as visual signals, referred to here as semaphores. The communicatory nature of semaphoring was inferred from experimental manipulations using mirrored self-image presentations and nonresident introductions. Male frogs semaphored significantly more when presented with a mirrored self-image than with a nonreflective control. Novel encounters between resident males and nonresident frogs demonstrated that semaphores were used directionally and were displayed toward target individuals. Females semaphored frequently and this observation represents a rare case of signaling by females in a typically male-biased communicatory regime. Semaphore actions were clearly linked to a locomotory gait pattern and appear to have originated as an elaboration of a standard stepping motion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100710050012
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