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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 77-87 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; random ; distribution ; estimation ; probability ; entropy ; fractile constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Relative Entropy with Fractile constraints (REF method) is explained and applied to model extreme compound hydrological phenomena, such as extreme sea levels under storm conditions. Also presented is a simple method of Tail Entropy Approximation (TEA), which amounts to a correction of traditional statistical estimates for extreme observations. Distribution assumptions are necessary but downplayed in the REF method, relegating the prior distribution to the role of an extrapolation function. The estimates are objective in an information-theoretical sense. They also satisfy a strict requirement of self-consistency that is generally not satisfied by standard statistical methods: invariance under monotonic transformations of the random variable. Historical records of storm surge levels in the Netherlands and annual maximum tidal heights for Sheerness, UK, are used as examples. Comparison is made with distributions obtained using other methods. It is concluded that the tail entropy approximation provides simple, objective estimates of extremes in the tail beyond the range of observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 3 (1989), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random variable ; Distribution ; Estimation ; Probability analysis ; Cross-entropy ; Fractile constraints ; Flood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The cross-entropy method with fractile constraints has been developed to estimate a random variable when the data are a set of independent observations of the variable. The method can claim several advantages over existing methods. It uses a reference distribution like the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis and likewise generates a posterior distribution. The method is of interest, in particular, because it satisfies two fundamental requirements for selfconsistency in the analysis of a probabilistic system based on data: a principle of invariance and a principle of data monotonicity. The method is applied to flood analysis. Robustness of the minimum cross-entropy method is compared with other methods: the methods of moments and the maximum likehood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica 22 (1975), S. 131-152 
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einfache Theorien, wie einer einzigen Fließfläche zugeordnete Fließgesetze, beschreiben das plastische Verhalten hinreichend genau bei monotoner Belastung. Ihre Genauigkeit ist jedoch unzureichend um das komplexe plastische Verhalten bei wechselnder oder zyklischer Belastung zu beschreiben. Das Konzept veränderlicher Fließflächen oder innerer Zustandsvariablen kann dann benützt werden. Die entsperchenden Theorien werden beträchtlich komplizierter, schrittweise Integration der Zuwachsbeziehungen für Verzerrungen und die inneren Zustandsvariablen wird erforderlich. Das Ziel vorliegender Arbeit ist die Ermittlung relativ einfacher Modelle des zyklischen Verhaltens, ausdrückbar in verallgemeinerten Spannungen und Verzerrungen und anwendbar bei der Behandlung von Randwertproblemen von Stäben, Platten und Schalen. Endliche Spannungs-Verzerrungs-Bedingungen werden in verschiedenen Teilgebieten des Spannungsraumes hergeleitet, für Belastung, Entlastung und für Wiederbelastung. Es wird dabei angenommen, daß eine diskrete Menge von Punkten der Geschichte den augenblicklichen Zu-stand beeinflußt. Im Detail werden einige Spezialfälle der zyklischen Belastung von Rohren und Kreisplatten zur Illustration der Anwendbarkeit der vorgeschlagenen Beschreibung betrachtet.
    Notes: Summary Simple theories of plasticity such as flow rules associated with a single yield surface are sufficiently accurate in predicting plastic behaviour for monotonic loading. However, for alternating or cyclic loads, such theories cannot describe complex plastic behaviour with sufficient accuracy. The concept of multiple loading surfaces or internal state parameters may then be introduced and respective plasticity theories become considerably complicated, requiring step by step integration of incremental relations for both strain and internal parameters. The present paper is aimed at elaborating relatively simple models of cyclic behaviour that could be expressed in terms of generalized stresses and strains and could be applied in treating boundary-value problems for beams, plates and shells. Finite stress-strain relations are derived in several subdomains of the stress space, both for loading, unloading and subsequent loading conditions. It is assumed that a set of discrete points from the past history affects the actual state. Some particular cases of cyclic loading of a tube and circular plates are considered in detail in order to illustrate applicability of proposed description.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Scientometrics 22 (1991), S. 297-312 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Not all highly cited papers have the same citation life cycle curves, i.e. curves of frequency of citations received vs. time. The citation life of ten randomly selected Citation Classics, five in medicine and five in biochemistry, are studied longitudinally in time and compared with a random sample of ten non-classics of the same cohort. There are pronounced differences in the life cycle curves; two distinct types are suggested. Type A, comprised of both high and low cited papers in both fields, has an early peak of citation rate and may be approximated by a bilinear cumulative citation curve with a break at six years of age, when three quarters of the total number of citations have occurred. Type B, in this study comprised of extremely highly cited methodological Citation Classics, exhibit a constant or slowly accelerating growth rate with a vigorous citation life extending over the entire period studied and typically one third or less of the total citations accumulated at six years of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Scientometrics 6 (1984), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1588-2861
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Two models of the mechanism responsible for the distribution of scientific papers in an area over periodicals are given. Empirical distributions following Bradford's law are shown to agree quite closely with a lognormal distribution. This distribution arises, in one model, by taking the probability of a paper being published in a particular journal as the product of many independent factors. It can also arise, according to an alternative mechanism. by random subdivision of the papers in a field over the journals. The mechanisms are compared with other models in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 23 (1977), S. 101-109 
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Operations research ; optimization ; allocation ; location-allocation ; existence ; uniqueness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some mathematical aspects are studied for a wide class of problems called continuous allocation problems: Find a mapping, from one given continuous set onto another, to minimize a given function on these sets. Many problems of assortments, catalogs, scheduling, location-allocation, search, etc., fall in this class. Theorems on existence, uniqueness, and continuity of solution are given. A solution technique is given for then-dimensional generalized location-allocation problem, and it is shown to converge on a solution. Finally, an expression is found for the facility density in multiple-facility location-allocation problems when the range of the mapping is continuous (as the number of facilities tends to infinity).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1991-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0138-9130
    Electronic ISSN: 1588-2861
    Topics: Information Science and Librarianship , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-11-17
    Description: Robust innate immune detection of rapidly evolving pathogens is critical for host defense. Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins function as cytosolic innate immune sensors in plants and animals. However, the structural basis for ligand-induced NLR activation has so far remained unknown. NAIP5 (NLR family, apoptosis inhibitory protein 5) binds the bacterial protein flagellin and assembles with NLRC4 to form a multiprotein complex called an inflammasome. Here we report the cryo–electron microscopy structure of the assembled ~1.4-megadalton flagellin-NAIP5-NLRC4 inflammasome, revealing how a ligand activates an NLR. Six distinct NAIP5 domains contact multiple conserved regions of flagellin, prying NAIP5 into an open and active conformation. We show that innate immune recognition of multiple ligand surfaces is a generalizable strategy that limits pathogen evolution and immune escape.
    Keywords: Biochemistry, Immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2004-08-21
    Print ISSN: 1618-2642
    Electronic ISSN: 1618-2650
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1975-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0001-5970
    Electronic ISSN: 1619-6937
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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