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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and complete structure of the lymphocyte serine protease granzyme G, a novel member of the granzyme multigene family in murine cytolytic T lymphocytes. Evolutionary origin of lymphocyte proteases (1989)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 28 (1989), S. 7953-7961 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00445a060
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic analysis based on rRNA sequences supports the archaebacterial rather than the eocyte tree (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 339 (1989), S. 145-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] We use species (see Fig. Ic) for which both the small and large subunit (SSU and LSU respectively) rRNA sequences are available so that the congruency of the SSU and LSU trees inferred by a method can be checked; more species than in Fig. Ic can be included, but this does not change our conclusion. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339145a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutation rates differ among regions of the mammalian genome (1989)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 337 (1989), S. 283-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Early estimates of the substitution rates in pseudogenes and at silent sites in protein-coding sequences suggested that pseudogenes evolve more rapidly which implies that silent sites are under some selective constraint6'7. However, these studies used very limited data and rather simple methods of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/337283a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The molecular clock runs more slowly in man than in apes and monkeys (1987)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 326 (1987), S. 93-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Wu and Li8 estimated that since the mammalian radiation the rate of synonymous substitution has been, on average, about two times higher in the rodent lineage than in the human and artiodactyl lineages. Because at the early stage of mammalian divergence the substitution rates in the three lineages ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/326093a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deletions in processed pseudogenes accumulate faster in rodents than in humans (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 28 (1989), S. 279-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Processed pseudogenes ; Rate of substitution ; Deletions ; Insertions ; Genome size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relative rates of point nucleotide substitution and accumulation of gap events (deletions and insertions) were calculated for 22 human and 30 rodent processed pseudogenes. Deletion events not only outnumbered insertions (the ratio being 7∶1 and 3∶1 for human and rodent pseudogenes, respectively), but also the total length of deletions was greater than that of insertions. Compared with their functional homologs, human processed pseudogenes were found to be shorter by about 1.2%, and rodent pseudogenes by about 2.3%. DNA loss from processed pseudogenes through deletion is estimated to be at least seven times faster in rodents than in humans. In comparison with the rate of point substitutions, the abridgment of pseudogenes during evolutionary times is a slow process that probably does not retard the rate of growth of the genome due to the proliferation of processed pseudogenes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02103423
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of changes in population size on the correlation between mutation rate and heterozygosity (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 12 (1979), S. 319-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Population size changes ; Heterozygosity ; Mutation rate ; Molecular weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effect of changes in population size on the correlation between mutation rate and heterozygosity was studied by using two models: sudden change in population size and gradual change. It was shown that the results for the two models are close to each other, unless the rate of change for the latter is exceedingly slow. Thus, in many cases, the former model, which is much simpler than the latter, can be used to treat the present problem. Numerical computations showed that the correlation in a population that is expanding or has expanded in the recent past is stronger while the correlation in a population that is decreasing or has experienced a population reduction or bottleneck in the recent past is weaker than that for an equilibrium population with the same mean heterozygosity. However, regardless of whether the population is at equilibrium or not, the proportion of variation in heterozygosity that is attributable to variation in molecular weight over loci is rather small if the mean heterozygosity of the population is low, say of the order 0.05 or smaller.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732027
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquitin genes as a paradigm of concerted evolution of tandem repeats (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 25 (1987), S. 58-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecular evolution ; Protein sequence conservation ; Synonymous substitution ; Unequal crossover ; Gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ubiquitin is remarkable for its ubiquitous distribution and its extreme protein sequence conservation. Ubiquitin genes comprise direct repeats of the ubiquitin coding unit with no spacers. The nucleotide sequences of several ubiquitin repeats from each of humans, chicken,Xenopus, Drosophila, barley, and yeast have recently been determined. By analysis of these data we show that ubiquitin is evolving more slowly than any other known protein, and that this (together with its gene organization) contributes to an ideal situation for the occurrence of concerted evolution of tandem repeats. By contrast, there is little evidence of between-cluster concerted evolution. We deduce that in ubiquitin genes, concerted evolution involves both unequal crossover and gene conversion, and that the average time since two repeated units within the polyubiquitin locus most recently shared a common ancestor is approximately 38 million years (Myr) in mammals, but perhaps only 11 Myr inDrosophila. The extreme conservatism of ubiquitin evolution also allows the inference that certain synonymous serine codons differing at the first two positions were probably mutated at single steps.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100041
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulation study on Nei and Li's model for estimating DNA divergence from restriction enzyme maps (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 17 (1981), S. 251-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: DNA sequence divergence ; Restriction enzyme maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A simulation study has been conducted to check the accuracy of Nei and Li's (1979) formulas for the mean and variance of the proportion (S) of identical restriction sites between two DNA sequences and for estimating the mean and variance of the number (δ) of base substitutions per nucleotide site between two DNA sequences. The results show that these formulas are quite accurate as long as the probability of S becoming zero is negligibly small. In addition to the simulation, approximate formulas have also been obtained for the probability for S to become zero at time t and for the contribution to S due to parallel mutation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01732763
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of nucleotide substitution in pseudogenes and functional genes (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 18 (1982), S. 360-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Neutral mutation ; Transitions and transversions ; Functional constraints ; Base content ; Substitution mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The pattern of point mutations is inferred from nucleotide substitutions in pseudogenes. The pattern obtained suggests that transition mutations occur somewhat more frequently than transversion mutations and that mutations result more often in A or T than in G or C. Our results are discussed with respect to the predictions from Topal and Fresco's model for the molecular basis of point (substitution) mutations (Nature 263:285–289, 1976). The pattern of nucleotide substitution at the first and second positions of codons in functional genes is quite similar to that in pseudogenes, but the relative frequency of the transition C→T in the sense strand is drastically reduced and those of the transversions C→G and G→C are doubled. The differences between the two patterns can be explained by the observation that in the protein evolution amino acid substitutions occur mainly between amino acids with similar biochemical properties (Grantham, Science 185:862–864, 1974). Our results for the patterns of nucleotide substitutions in pseudogenes and in functional genes lead to the prediction that both the coding and non-coding regions of protein coding genes should have high frequencies of A and T. Available data show that the non-coding regions are indeed high in A and T but the coding regions are low in T, though high in A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01733904
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rates of synonymous substitution in plant nuclear genes (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 29 (1989), S. 208-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Plant molecular evolution ; Molecular clock ; Chloroplast DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The rate of synonymous nucleotide substitution in nuclear genes of higher plants has been estimated. The rate varies among genes by a factor of up to two, in a manner that is not immediately explicable in terms of base composition or codon usage bias. The average rate, in both monocots and dicots, is about four times higher than that in chloroplast genes. This leads to an estimated absolute silent substitution rate of 6 × 10−9 substitutions per site per year that falls within the range of average rates (2−8 × 10−9) seen in different mammalian nuclear genomes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02100204
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