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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution Analyzer and Risk Evaluator (DARE) Using Fault Trees (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 10 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Risk and uncertainty are integral parts of modern technology, and they must be managed effectively to allow the development of reliable, high-quality products. Because so many facets of technology and society involve risk and uncertainty, it is essential that risk management be handled in a systematic manner. Fault-tree analysis is one of the principal methods used in the analysis of systems’safety. Its detailed and systematic deductive structure makes it a valuable tool for design and diagnostic purposes. Point probability and the minimization of the expected failure probability have, until recently, dominated fault-tree analysis. A methodology that incorporates uncertainty analysis, conditional expected risk, and multiple objectives with fault-tree analysis is presented. A computer software package termed the “Distribution Analyzer and Risk Evaluator (DARE) Using Fault Trees,” which translates the new methodology into a working decision-support system, is developed. DARE Using Fault Trees is a flexible computer code that is capable of analyzing the risk of the overall system in terms of the probability density function of failure probability. Emphasis is placed on the uncertainty and risk of extreme events. A comparative study between existing codes for fault-tree analysis and DARE demonstrates the strengths of the methodology. A case study for NASA's solid rocket booster is used to perform the comparative analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb00537.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of Probability Distributions in Characterizing Risk of Extreme Events (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Use of probability distributions by regulatory agencies often focuses on the extreme events and scenarios that correspond to the tail of probability distributions. This paper makes the case that assessment of the tail of the distribution can and often should be performed separately from assessment of the central values. Factors to consider when developing distributions that account for tail behavior include (a) the availability of data, (b) characteristics of the tail of the distribution, and (c) the value of additional information in assessment. The integration of these elements will improve the modeling of extreme events by the tail of distributions, thereby providing policy makers with critical information on the risk of extreme events. Two examples provide insight into the theme of the paper. The first demonstrates the need for a parallel analysis that separates the extreme events from the central values. The second shows a link between the selection of the tail distribution and a decision criterion. In addition, the phenomenon of breaking records in time-series data gives insight to the information that characterizes extreme values. One methodology for treating risk of extreme events explicitly adopts the conditional expected value as a measure of risk. Theoretical results concerning this measure are given to clarify some of the concepts of the risk of extreme events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00283.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RISK OF EXTREME EVENTS IN A MULTIOBJECTIVE FRAMEWORK (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 28 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper summarizes advances made in risk-based decisionmaking in water resources through use of the partitioned multiobjective risk method (PMRM). (Risk is a measure of the probability and severity of adverse effects.) In the PMRM, the risk of extreme events is differentiated from risk involving less extreme damage severity and is evaluated within a multiobjective framework. Study of the extreme-event risk function f4(*) has addressed the following issues: methods for calculating f4(*); the sensitivity of f4(*) to various parameters, particularly to the partitioning point of the extreme-event range and the selection of probability density functions; insight provided by the statistics of extremes; and the impact of f4(*) on risk management, for example, in the application of the PMRM to water resources problems. In particular, this paper shares with the reader recent research results on the PMRM, the relationship between the statistics of extremes and the conditional expected value, derived formulas for f4(*), distribution-free estimates of f4(*), documented case studies in dam safety, and future research directions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1992.tb03165.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal Dynamic Portfolio Selection: Multiperiod Mean-Variance Formulation[This resea] (2000)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Mathematical finance 10 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9965
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: The mean-variance formulation by Markowitz in the 1950s paved a foundation for modern portfolio selection analysis in a single period. This paper considers an analytical optimal solution to the mean-variance formulation in multiperiod portfolio selection. Specifically, analytical optimal portfolio policy and analytical expression of the mean-variance efficient frontier are derived in this paper for the multiperiod mean-variance formulation. An efficient algorithm is also proposed for finding an optimal portfolio policy to maximize a utility function of the expected value and the variance of the terminal wealth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9965.00100
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multiobjective Decision-Tree Analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 10 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Single-objective-based decision-tree analysis has been extensively and successfully used in numerous decision-making problems since its formal introduction by Howard Raiffa more than two decades ago. This paper extends the traditional methodology to incorporate multiple noncommensurate objective functions and use of the conditional expected value of the risk of extreme and catastrophic events. The proposed methodology considers the cases where (a) a finite number of actions are available at each decision node and (b) discrete or continuous states of nature can be presented at each chance node. The proposed extension of decision-tree analysis is introduced through an example problem that leads the reader step-by-step into the methodological procedure. The example problem builds on flood warning systems. Two noncommensurate objectives—the loss of lives and the loss of property (including monetary costs of the flood warning system)–are incorporated into the decision tree. In addition, two risk measures—the common expected value and the conditional expected value of extreme and catastrophic events—are quantified and are also incorporated into the decision-making process. Theoretical difficulties associated with the stage-wise calculation of conditional expected values are identified and certain simplifying assumptions are made for computational tractibility. In particular, it is revealed that decisions concerning experimentation have a very interesting impact on the noninferior solution set of options—a phenomenon that has no equivalence in the single-objective case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1990.tb01026.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Protection of auditory neurons from aminoglycoside toxicity by neurotrophin-3 (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 2 (1996), S. 463-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Hearing is conveyed from the auditory receptors, the hair cells in the organ of Corti, to the brain via the spiral ganglion neurons. Damage or loss of either spiral ganglion neurons or hair cells causes hearing impairment. Such hearing disorders are often permanent and can be caused by therapeutic ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0496-463
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pth Power Lagrangian Method for Integer Programming (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 98 (2000), S. 151-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: integer programming ; Lagrangian relaxation ; primal-dual approach ; duality gap ; convexification ; pth power Lagrangian method ; surrogate constraint method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract When does there exist an optimal generating Lagrangian multiplier vector (that generates an optimal solution of an integer programming problem in a Lagrangian relaxation formulation), and in cases of nonexistence, can we produce the existence in some other equivalent representation space? Under what conditions does there exist an optimal primal-dual pair in integer programming? This paper considers both questions. A theoretical characterization of the perturbation function in integer programming yields a new insight on the existence of an optimal generating Lagrangian multiplier vector, the existence of an optimal primal-dual pair, and the duality gap. The proposed pth power Lagrangian method convexifies the perturbation function and guarantees the existence of an optimal generating Lagrangian multiplier vector. A condition for the existence of an optimal primal-dual pair is given for the Lagrangian relaxation method to be successful in identifying an optimal solution of the primal problem via the maximization of the Lagrangian dual. The existence of an optimal primal-dual pair is assured for cases with a single Lagrangian constraint, while adopting the pth power Lagrangian method. This paper then shows that an integer programming problem with multiple constraints can be always converted into an equivalent form with a single surrogate constraint. Therefore, success of a dual search is guaranteed for a general class of finite integer programming problems with a prominent feature of a one-dimensional dual search.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019252306512
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  • 8
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    A Portable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Power Station for Long-Term Internet of Things Applications (2020)
    Molecular Diversity Preservation International
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-09
    Description: With regard to the best electro-chemical efficiency of an active direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), the stacks and their balance of plant (BOP) are complex to build and operate. The yield of making the large-scale stacks is difficult to improve. Therefore, a portable power station made of multiple simpler planar type stack modules with only appropriate semi-active BOPs was developed. A planar stack and its miniature BOP components are integrated into a semi-active DMFC stack module for easy production, assembly, and operation. An improved energy management system is designed to control multiple DMFC stack modules in parallel to enhance its power-generation capacity and stability so that the portability, environmental tolerance, and long-term durability become comparable to that of the active systems. A prototype of the power station was tested for 3600 h in an actual outdoor environment through winter and summer. Its performance and maintenance events are analyzed to validate its stability and durability. Throughout the test, it maintained the daily average of 3.3 W power generation with peak output driving capability of 12 W suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1073
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Molecular Diversity Preservation International
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  • 9
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    Hollow Platinum Spheres with Nano-Channels: Synthesis and Enhanced Catalysis for Oxygen Reduction (2008)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-15
    Print ISSN: 1932-7447
    Electronic ISSN: 1932-7455
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 10
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    DNA Methylation Profiling in Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation In Vitro (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: DNA methylation has emerged as a crucial regulator of chondrocyte dedifferentiation, which severely compromises the outcome of autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) treatment for cartilage defects. However, the full -scale DNA methylation profiling in chondrocyte dedifferentiation remains to be determined. Here, we performed a genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of dedifferentiated chondrocytes in monolayer culture and chondrocytes treated with DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine (5-AzaC). This research revealed that the general methylation level of CpG was increased while the COL-1A1 promoter methylation level was decreased during the chondrocyte dedifferentiation. 5-AzaC could reduce general methylation levels and reverse the chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Surprisingly, the DNA methylation level of COL-1A1 promoter was increased after 5-AzaC treatment. The COL-1A1 expression level was increased while that of SOX-9 was decreased during the chondrocyte dedifferentiation. 5-AzaC treatment up-regulated the SOX-9 expression while down-regulated the COL-1A1 promoter activity and gene expression. Taken together, these results suggested that differential regulation of the DNA methylation level of cartilage-specific genes might contribute to the chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Thus, the epigenetic manipulation of these genes could be a potential strategy to counteract the chondrocyte dedifferentiation accompanying in vitro propagation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-4652
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Wiley
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