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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In vitro reconstruction of the biosynthetic pathway of peptidoglycan cytoplasmic precursor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 201 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bacterial peptidoglycan is the cell wall component responsible for maintaining cell integrity against osmotic pressure. Biosynthesis of the cytoplasmic precursor UDP-N-acetylmuramyl pentapeptide is catalyzed by the Mur enzymes. Genomic analysis of the three regions encoding Mur proteins was achieved. We have cloned and over-expressed the murA, -B, -D, -E and -F genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in pET expression system by adding a His–Tag to the C-termini of the proteins. Mur proteins were purified to homogeneity by a single chromatographic step on affinity nickel columns. Protein identities were verified through N-terminal sequencing. Enzyme activity was proved by the identification of the pathway's final product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10761.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genomics of the 35-kb pvd locus and analysis of novel pvdIJK genes implicated in pyoverdine biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 190 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Novel putative pyoverdine synthetase pvdIJK genes were found upstream of pvdD in the 6.2-Mb chromosome of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1. These genes formed a locus implicated in pyoverdine biosynthesis. Sequence analysis showed that the product of these genes shared 43%, 60% and 57% identity with PvdD. PvdIJK are thought to be implicated in synthesis of pyoverdine, a siderophore chelating Fe3+. A pvdI mutant was obtained by gene disruption mutagenesis and confirmed by Southern hybridization. The pvdI mutant produced gave no significant growth on solid media supplemented with the iron chelator 2,2-dipyridyl; while the PvdI− phenotype abolished pyoverdine fluorescence. The role of PvdI in pathogenicity was tested by measuring the in vivo growth of P. aeruginosa wild-type and mutant strains in a chronic lung infection rat model, and by measuring the competitive infectivity index into a neutropenic mice model. The data obtained confirmed the importance of PvdI in virulence and iron uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09276.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategies for isolation of in vivo expressed genes from bacteria (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 23 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The discovery and characterization of genes specifically induced in vivo upon infection and/or at a specific stage of the infection will be the next phase in studying bacterial virulence at the molecular level. Genes isolated are most likely to encode virulence-associated factors or products essential for survival, bacterial cell division and multiplication in situ. Identification of these genes is expected to provide new means to prevent infection, new targets for antimicrobial therapy, as well as new insights into the infection process. Analysis of genes and their sequences initially discovered as in vivo induced may now be revealed by functional and comparative genomics. The new field of virulence genomics and their clustering as pathogenicity islands makes feasible their in-depth analysis. Application of new technologies such as in vivo expression technologies, signature-tagged mutagenesis, differential fluorescence induction, differential display using polymerase chain reaction coupled to bacterial genomics is expected to provide a strong basis for studying in vivo induced genes, and a better understanding of bacterial pathogenicity in vivo. This review presents technologies for characterization of genes expressed in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1999.tb00392.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of in vivo essential genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa by PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 210 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We adapted PCR-based signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A collection of 1056 mutants was screened in a chronic lung infection rat model. Thirteen mutants were confirmed to be attenuated. Analysis revealed that these STM mutants represented transposon insertions into eight genes previously described in databases, three genes encoding proteins sharing identity with hypothetical proteins and two genes that shared no significant identity with sequences in databases. Five strains mutated in genes involved in protein degradation, stress tolerance, cation transport, ABC transporter, and an unknown protein were shown to be highly attenuated when tested individually in the rat chronic lung infection model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11162.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cloning, over-expression and purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa murC encoding uridine diphosphate N-acetylmuramate: L-alanine ligase (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 183 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We cloned and sequenced the murC gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa encoding a protein of 53 kDa. Multiple alignments with 20 MurC peptide sequences from different bacteria confirmed the presence of highly conserved regions having sequence identities ranging from 22–97% including conserved motifs for ATP-binding and the active site of the enzyme. Genetic complementation was done in Escherichia coli (murCts) suppressing the lethal phenotype. The murC gene was subcloned into the expression vector pET30a and overexpressed in E. coli BL21(λDE3). Three PCR cloning strategies were used to obtain the three recombinant plasmids for expression of the native MurC, MurC His-tagged at N-terminal and at C-terminal, respectively. MurC His-tagged at C-terminal was chosen for large scale production and protein purification in the soluble form. The purification was done in a single chromatographic step on an affinity nickel column and obtained in mg quantities at 95% homogeneity. MurC protein was used to produce monoclonal antibodies for epitope mapping and for assay development in high throughput screenings. Detailed studies of MurC and other genes of the bacterial cell cycle will provide the reagents and strain constructs for high throughput screening and for design of novel antibacterials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08972.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular basis of antibiotic resistance and β-lactamase inhibition by mechanism-based inactivators: perspectives and future directions (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology reviews 24 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6976
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Antibacterial chemotherapy is particularly striking in the family of penicillins and cephalosporins. Over 40 structurally different β-lactam molecules are available in 73 formulations and the majority of them are currently prescribed for medical use in hospitals. β-Lactams are well tolerated by humans with few side effects. They interact very specifically with their bacterial target, the d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase-transpeptidase usually referred to as dd-peptidase. The outstanding number of β-lactamases produced by bacteria represent a serious threat to the clinical utility of β-lactams. The discovery of β-lactamase inhibitors was thought to solve, in part, the problem of resistance. Unfortunately, bacteria have evolved new mechanisms of resistance to overcome the inhibitory effects of β-lactamase inactivators. Here, we summarize the diversified mechanistic features of class A β-lactamases interactions with mechanism-based inhibitors using available microbiological, kinetic and structural data for the prototype TEM β-lactamases. A brief historical overview of the strategies developed to counteract β-lactamases will be presented followed by a short description of the chemical events which lead to the inactivation of TEM β-lactamase by inhibitors from different classes. Finally, an update on the clinical prevalence of natural and inhibitor-resistant enzyme mutants, the total chemical synthesis to design and synthesize a new structure and produced a broad spectrum β-lactamase inhibitor that mimics the β-lactam ring, but does not contain it is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00541.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of the Mur enzymes: development of novel inhibitors (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 47 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: One of the biggest challenges for recent medical research is the continuous development of new antibiotics interacting with bacterial essential mechanisms. The machinery for peptidoglycan biosynthesis is a rich source of crucial targets for antibacterial chemotherapy. The cytoplasmic steps of the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursor, catalysed by a series of Mur enzymes, are excellent candidates for drug development. There has been growing interest in these bacterial enzymes over the last decade. Many studies attempted to understand the detailed mechanisms and structural features of the key enzymes MurA to MurF. Only MurA is inhibited by a known antibiotic, fosfomycin. Several attempts made to develop novel inhibitors of this pathway are discussed in this review. Three novel inhibitors of MurA were identified recently. 4-Thiazolidinone compounds were designed as MurB inhibitors. Many phosphinic acid derivatives and substrate analogues were identified as inhibitors of the MurC to MurF amino acid ligases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03289.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogeny of LCR-1 and OXA-5 with class A and class D β-lactamases (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 6 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleotide sequences of blaLCR-1 and blaOXA-5β-lactamase genes have been determined. Polypeptide products of 260 and 267 amino acids with estimated molecular masses of 27 120 Da and 27387 Da were obtained for the mature form of LCR-1 and OXA-5 proteins. A progressive alignment was used to evaluate the extent of identity between LCR-1 and OXA-5 with 29 other β-lactamase amino acid sequences. The data showed that both belong to class D. We identified amino acids conserved in 24 positions for class A β-lactamases and in 28 positions for five class D enzymes. The structural similarities between class A and class D β-lactamases are more extensive than indicated by earlier biochemical studies with overall 16% identity between both classes. From the alignment, dendograms were constructed with a distance-matrix and parsimony methods which defined three major groups of proteins subdivided into clusters giving insight on β-lactamase phylogeny and evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb00894.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 363 (1993), S. 67-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Because of our inability to grow VAM fungi in culture, they have obligatory biotrophic status. Consequently, the taxonomy of these fungi has been largely based on the morphology of the large soil-borne spores, typically 80 to 500 jjim in diameter, which can be found near colonized roots. To study ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/363067a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning and DNA homology of plasmid-mediated β-lactamase genes (1987)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 206 (1987), S. 252-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: β-lactamase ; DNA probe ; Gene polymorphism ; Molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Molecular cloning of DNA fragments between 1.5 and 8kb from BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, SalI, or Sau3A digests permitted the isolation of structural genes coding for TEM-1, ROB-1, OXA-1, OXA-3, OXA-4, OXA-5, PSE-1, PSE-2, PSE-3, PSE-4, CARB-3, CARB-4, AER-1, and LCR-1 β-lactamases. Ampicillin-resistant clones were selected and it was confirmed that they contained the respective β-lactamase genes by isoelectric focusing. Detailed physical maps of 14 different recombinant plasmids were constructed using 8 restriction endonucleases. Plasmid deletions and lacZ fusions were used to localize the β-lactamase structural genes. DNA probes were constructed for the TEM01, ROB-1, OXA-1, and PSE-1 genes. Under conditions of high stringency, hybridization was observed between the genes for TEM-1 and TEM-2 or TLE-1, OXA-1 and OXA-4, and PSE-1 and PSE-4 or CARB-3, while the ROB-1 gene probe showed no cross-hybridization. Such bla gene probes should facilitate studies of β-lactamase molecular epidemiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00333581
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