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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An unusual caste polymorphism of the sternal gland and its trail pheromone production in the termiteTrinervitermes bettonianus (1974)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 21 (1974), S. 335-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sternaldrüsen der verschiedenen Kasten vonT. bettonianus varieren sehr stark in ihrer Grösse und Spurbildungsfähigkeit. Bei Soldaten ist die Drüse nahezu rudimentär und ohne nachweisbare Funktion. Bei Arbeitern ist sie im Vergleich zu anderen Arten normal inbezug auf Grösse und extrahierbarer Pheromonaktivität. Das Pheromon wird zur Anlegung von Dutspuren benützt. Bei den Imagines ist die Drüse aussergewöhnlich gross und enthält 70–1200 mal mehr Spur-Pheromon als diejenige der Arbeiter. Das Spur-Pheromon oder andere von der Sternaldrüse produzierten Pheromone haben eine funktionelle Bedeutung im Paarungsverhalten.
    Notes: Summary The sternal glands of the various castes inT. bettonianus differ drastically in size and potential trail-laying activity. In soldiers they are almost vestigial and without evident function. In workers they are normal in size compared with those of other termite species, and their secretion is employed for communicative trails. In the imagines, however, they are extremely large and contain enormous quantities of trail pheromone. This or other pheromones secreted by the sternal gland are functionally involved in courtship behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02331563
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The inoculation of newly formed fungus comb withTermitomyces inMacrotermes colonies (Isoptera, Macrotermitinae) (1989)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 36 (1989), S. 328-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume ChezMacrotermes le substrat des meules à champignon nouvellement formées est inoculé dès le début par des conidies viables deTermitomyces (spores asexuées) qui garantissent la prolifération accélérée du champignon symbiotique. Le substrat est de la matière végétale ayant traversé rapidement l'intestin des jeunes ouvriers, c'est-à-dire les constructeurs de meules et les nourrices. Ces insectes ingèrent la matière végétale recueilie par les fourrageurs et se nourrissent aussi des mycotêtes nutritives produites par le champignon. Ces mycotêtes contiennent les conidies qui sont adaptées à résister au passage à travers l'intestin où elles se mélangent avec le substrat.
    Notes: Summary The substrate of newly constructedMacrotermes fungus combs is inoculated from the start with viableTermitomyces conidia (asexual spores) which guarantee fast proliferation of the symbiotic fungus. The substrate is vegetable matter which has passed rapidly through the intestine of the young workers which are comb-builders and nurses. These ingest the vegetable matter which has been collected by the foragers and also feed on the nutrient enriched nodules produced by the fungus. These nodules contain the adaptive gut-resistant conidia which are mixed with the intestinal substrate on this pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02224884
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the gallery system around the nest and gallery development under experimental conditions in the termiteMacrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman) (1991)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 38 (1991), S. 63-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Macrotermes ; gallery system ; gallery development ; food
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) we analysed the structures and the lay-out of the underground gallery system of the fungus-growing termiteMacrotermes bellicosus. We found a radial pattern of principal and lateral galleries, as well as caves, depressions and vertical passages reaching a depth of 1–2 m. According to the results of our investigations the gallery networks built byM. bellicosus are unique among all known termite species;M. bellicosus constructs the densest (3.1 m/m2) and most superficial (2–6 cm under the surface) gallery networks among all comparable termite species investigated. Under experimental conditions involving an observation arena with a glass bottom, we were able to observe the dynamics of the radial development of the exploratory passages. We also observed the manner and rapidity of the termites' exploration of new ground, as well as the role played by the discovery of food in the design of the gallery system. We were able to show that, when food was scarce, the termites gained access to the arena much more rapidly, built a much denser gallery system and came up to the surface more frequently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242714
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vibrational alarm communication in the African fungus-growing termite genus Macrotermes (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Acoustical communication, vibrational signal, sense of vibrations, Macrotermes, Isoptera.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: A sophisticated system of vibrational long distance alarm communication was found in the African fungus growing termites Macrotermes bellicosus and M. subhyalinus. When disturbed in their nests and in their extended gallery systems, soldiers produce vibrational signals by drumming their heads against the substratum. The drumming signals are trains of pulses of substrate vibrations with pulse repetition rates of 26 Hz in M. bellicosus and 13 Hz in M. subhyalinus. In both species, the carrier frequency was about 1000 Hz and the signal amplitudes about 0.5 m/s2 (acceleration, RMS). By using artificial stimuli, we examined the characteristics of the stimuli that can elicit drumming behaviour, the termites' sensitivity to substrate vibrations, their reaction time to stimuli, and their ability to discriminate vibrations of different temporal structures. We also investigated the behavioural responses of termites to drumming signals and the mechanism of long distance propagation of drumming signals through the nest and foraging sites. We found that the soldiers are extremely sensitive to vibrations, responding to vibrations with amplitudes as small as 1-2 nm by drumming themselves. This behaviour leads to the propagation of the vibrational alarm through a chain of drumming soldiers, resulting in a retreat of the termites into their nest. The termites’system of social long distance communication seems to be unique in insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The alarm behaviour from the mandibular gland secretion in the antCremastogaster scutellaris (1973)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 20 (1973), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On peut distinguer deux différentes manifestations de comportement d'alarme chez la fourmiC. scutellaris. 1. Alarme frénétique dans des agglomérations de travailleuses à l'intérieur aussi bien qu'à l'extérieur du nid. Le modèle standard de ce type comprend la dispersion des travailleuses rassemblées et l'expansion de la zone d'excitation. 2. Alarme sur une trace. Le modèle standard de ce type s'identifie par une concentration autour du centre d'alarme. Au moyen d'expériences avec des phéromones le premier type d'alarme peut être induit par l'exhibition de la sécrétion abdominale de la travailleuse, tandis que le second type d'alarme peut être induit par des phéromones de la glande mandibulaire. L'expression du comportement de ce dernier type a été analysée par des enregistrements cinématographiques. Un biotest quantitatif a été établi. Les principaux composants de la sécrétion de la glande mandibulaire, le 3-octanone et le 3-octanol, ne produisent qu'une réaction d'alarme incomplète. Il s'ensuit que la participation synergétique de ces composants mineurs — non encore identifiés — est considéréc responsable pour le déclenchement du comportement d'alarme complet. Les substances volatiles de la sécrétion mandibulaire se retrouvent en concentration assez faible en tant que composant permanent de l'odeur du nid. Cependant, leur concentration ne s'accroît pas pendant l'activité d'alarme frénétique au nid, mais des substances non identiques, probablement provenant de la sécrétion abdominale, se montrent en quantité importante. Il est donc supposé que la sécrétion de la glande mandibulaire est déchargée chez cette espèce par l'action de mordre.
    Notes: Summary Two different manifestations of alarm behavioursensu stricto are distinguished inCremastogaster scutellaris. 1. General frenzy alarm in aggregations of workers inside and outside the nest. The behaviour of this type involves scattering of the aggregated workers and expanding the area of excitment. 2. Alarm on a trail. This type of alarm pattern shows concentration around the alarm center. In pheromone experiments the former type of alarm is released by exhibiting the worker's abdominal secretion, whereas the latter alarm is induced by pheromones from the mandibular gland. The behavioural pattern of this latter kind of alarm was analysed from cinematographic records. A quantitative bioassay has been established. The major components of the mandibular gland secretion, 3-octanone and 3-octanol yield an incomplete alarm reaction. Hence the synergistic involvement of its minor components, not yet identified, is assumed to be resoonsible for the release of full alarm behavior. The volatile substances of the mandibular secretion are found in rather low concentration as a permanent component of the nest odour. Their concentration is, however, not increased during intensive frenzy alarm activity in the nest, but non-identical substances, presumabely discharged from the abdominal secretion, appear in significant quantity. The mandibular gland secretion hence is assumed to be released only with the biting act in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223190
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fine structure and pheromonal properties of the polymorphic sternal gland inTrinervitermes bettonianus (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 25 (1978), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude comparée au niveaux ultrastructural de la glande sternale de l'ouvrier deT. bettonianus qui produit la phéromone de piste et celle des imagos essaimants désailés, plus particulièrement la glande de la femelle qui intervient dans l'attraction du mâle, n'a pas permis d'observer de différences notables au niveau des organites cellulaires, malgré l'hypertrophie de la glande de la femelle. L'étude expérimentale menée conjointement montre qu'un extrait de glandes sternales d'ouvriers a des capacités identiques d'attraction du mâle lorsqu'il est appliqué en concentration adéquate. Ces résultats conduisent à penser qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de postuler l'existence de produits chimiques attractifs différents dans les diverses castes. Chez la reine physogastre, l'extrait de glandes sternales n'est plus attractif et l'ultrastructure montre que cette glande est fortement atrophiée, subissant une dédifférenciation.
    Notes: Summary Comparative fine structure shows no notable differences between the sternal gland ofTrinervitermes bettonianus workers secreting the trail pheromone, and the female dealate imagoes using the same gland for male attraction. Experimental data show that the worker's sternal gland extract has the same capacity for male attraction when applied in adequate concentration. Hence there is no need to postulate the presence of different chemical products for glands in different castes. In the physogastric queen, the sternal gland extract is not attractive and the gland is highly atrophied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02224254
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter- and intraspecific alarm response in the termiteMacrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur) (1995)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 42 (1995), S. 145-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Macrotermes ; alarm response ; recruitment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In laboratory studies we analysed the reaction of aMacrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur) colony in contact with a small group of test termites placed at the head of a gallery system. As test termites we usedMacrotermes subhyalinus of the same nest,Macrotermes subhyalinus of a foreign nest and the related sympatric speciesMacrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman). Contact with an introduced group of foragers evokes a significant recruitment of workers and minor soldiers. The intensity of the response depends on the test groups we introduced. The highest recruitment results withM. bellicosus andM. subhyalinus from a foreign nest. During the recruitment the increase in the number of minor soldiers is greater than the increase in the number of workers, and as a result, the relative proportion of the soldiers in the population leaving the nest is significantly higher than before. Direct observations at the place of contact show thatM. bellicosus individuals are immediately attacked and killed. In the case ofM. subhyalinus from a foreign nest, not all individuals are killed; some are only intensively examined with the antennae or seized with the mandibles.M. subhyalinus from the same nest are rarely attacked. Mostly they are antennally inspected or enter the gallery system unhindered. The recruitment of termites from the nest is released by major workers which, after contact with the test termites, run back into the nest and provoke an alarm by tactile stimuli. On their way back into the nest the major workers, in all probability, lay a pheromone trail which leads the outgoing alarmed termites towards the place of contact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01242451
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intraspecific colony recognition in the termites Macrotermes subhyalinus and Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 164-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words:Macrotermes, colony recognition, aggression, behaviour, intercolonial differences.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: Intraspecific colony recognition in the termites Macrotermes subhyalinus and M. bellicosus was investigated over two field seasons in Comoë-Nationalpark (Ivory Coast). Behavioural tests with major workers and minor soldiers, respectively, were performed using neutral arenas of covered plastic dishes. For each species, termites were sampled by baiting from 10 field colonies randomly chosen at four different sites. Major workers and minor soldiers of both species were capable of differentially discriminating between members of various colonies. In major workers of M. subhyalinus this discriminatory ability was expressed as varying degrees of aggression, whereas major workers of M. bellicosus showed different degrees of examination behaviour. Minor soldiers of both species reacted to foreign colony members with different levels of aggression. Thus, M. bellicosus displayed a more subtle form of discriminatory behaviour. Mound volume was measured as a parameter for colony size and stage of colony development. Aggression (in major workers of M. subhyalinus) and examination behaviour (in major workers of M. bellicosus) were not correlated with differences in mound volume and thus differences in size or age of the involved colonies. Aggression and examination behaviour respectively of major workers were not correlated either with the spatial distance between the colonies. We found cases, where individuals from neighbouring colonies showed either no aggression/examination behaviour or a high level of aggression/examination behaviour. Thus, there was no indication of a dear-enemy phenomenon. The behaviour of colony discrimination was found to be consistent over the two years for both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050128
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyethism inMacrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera) (1988)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 35 (1988), S. 226-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Kasten- und Alterspolyethismus wurde an Felkolonien vonM. bellicosus mit Hilfe von neu entwickelten Fangmethoden untersucht. Grosse Arbeiter herrschen vor in Foragierpopulationen (76%), während kleine Arbeiter beim spontanen Bauen (97%), beim Notbauen (78%) und bei der Pflege der Königin (85%) stark vertreten sind. Der Anteil von Soldaten ist nur in der Notbauerpopulation erhöht. Nur geringfügig von der Gesamtpopulation unterscheiden sich Populationen, die den Pilzgarten pflegen und solche, die Wasser tragen. Foragier und Baupopulationen bestehen ausschliesslich, Wasserträgerpopulationen hauptsächlich aus älteren Tiere. In Pilz- und Königinpflegepopulationen dagegen findet man sowohl junge als auch alte Tiere.
    Notes: Summary Caste and age polyethism was investigated by way of newly developed sampling methods used in field colonies ofM. bellicosus. Major workers make up 70% of foraging populations, whereas minor workers are predominant in spontaneous construction (97%), emergency construction (78%) and attendance of the queen (85%). The only task correlated with a high rate of soldiers (17%) is emergency construction. The composition of fungus—growing and water—carrying populations differs only slightly from that of the population as a whole. Foraging and building populations consist exclusively and water carrying populations mainly of old workers. In fungus growing and queen attending populations both old and young workers are present.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02224056
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The system of underground passages in Macrotermes subhyalinus and comparison of laboratory bioassays to field evidence of intraspecific encounters in M. subhyalinus and M. bellicosus (Isoptera, Termitidae) (1999)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 46 (1999), S. 332-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Keywords: Key words: Termites, Macrotermes, underground passages, territory, colony encounters, aggression.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary: The system of underground passages and storage pits used in foraging have been excavated in two nests of the termite Macrotermes subhyalinus in West Africa (Ivory Coast). A detailed qualitative description of the morphology and the dimensions of the passage network is given. Three types of passages could be distinguished: radial passages, big cross passages and small cross passages. These varied in their dimensions and their functional significance. Density values for the different types of passages and the storage pits in various zones of the two mounds were calculated. Density of total passages varied between 1.46 m/m2 and 1.80 m/m2 being in the order of other Macrotermes species with a comparable foraging behaviour.¶In the second part of the study intraspecific behavioural tests between pairs of colonies of M. subhyalinus and M. bellicosus were performed in neutral arenas and the zones of contact between the corresponding colonies were then excavated. Hints of agonism such as cemeteries with dry head capsules of termites, passage blockings and phenomena of horizontal or vertical passage segregation were found. Generally colonies displaying strong reaction in behavioural tests reacted in the natural context upon contact with deadly conflicts. On the other hand, colonies with a weak behavioural reaction withdrew and blocked the passages without deadly conflicts. For the first time results of laboratory bioassays were connected to unmanipulated field evidence of termite agonism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000400050154
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