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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for internal electric fields in two variant ordered GaInP obtained by scanning capacitance microscopy (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 4081-4083 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Single and two variant ordered GaInP samples are studied in cross section with the scanning capacitance microscope. Our study shows significant differences in the electronic properties of single and two variant GaInP. In unintentionally doped, ordered two variant samples, both n and p-type like domains are observed with the scanning capacitance microscope. In contrast, a spatially uniform capacitance signal is observed in unintentionally doped single variant ordered GaInP. These microscopic capacitance observations can be qualitatively explained by bend bending or internal electric fields. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.117825
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear force microscopy with capacitance detection for near-field scanning optical microscopy (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 66 (1995), S. 1432-1434 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Shear force microscopy is very useful for distance regulation in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). However, the optical method used to detect the shear force can cause problems when imaging photosensitive materials, i.e., the shear force detection beam can optically pump the sample. We present here a new approach to shear force detection based upon capacitance sensing. The design, operation, and performance of the capacitance detection are presented. Shear force topographic images of hard and soft surfaces are shown using tungsten and NSOM fiber tips. The closed loop vertical sensitivity achieved is 0.01 nm/(square root of)Hz. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.113269
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Siderophores: Their Biochemistry and Possible Role in the Biocontrol of Plant Pathogens (1986)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 24 (1986), S. 187-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.24.090186.001155
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular biological tools to detect fish pathogens (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 47 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Multiple approaches to control viral infections in fish are being employed on an experimental basis in many fish disease laboratories. They include techniques to monitor fish populations for viruses by tissue culture infectivity, tagged antibody reagents to detect viral proteins, and nucleic acid probes for in situ hybridization or polymerase chain reaction amplification. The specificity and resolution of these detection methods are being constantly improved to increase their ease-of-use and sensitivity. In addition, scientists are developing prophylactic treatments in the form of traditional vaccines and subunit, peptide and genetic vaccines using molecular biological techniques. The success of all these approaches is obviously dependent on an understanding not only of the molecular structure of the virus and its genome but on the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to disease in the host animal as well. It is at this level, where there is so little known, that the formulation of appropriate control strategies has been difficult. For example, molecular techniques have provided evidence that the survivors of infection with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus are long-term carriers of the virus. This finding raises questions regarding the policy of releasing anadromous fish that have survived the disease. Viral vaccines have been shown to work in preventing virus-induced mortalities in rainbow trout fry in laboratory trials, but no determination has been made on whether vaccination also prevents the formation of a virus-carrier state in the survivors. More importantly, is there a vaccine formulation that will prevent carrier formation?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1995.tb06044.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of detection methods for infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 8 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A comparative study of immunological methods for detecting infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) was made. The anti–IHNV antibody titre was measured by solid phase direct binding assays with‘125iodinated Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus and with immunoperoxidase staining. The binding antibody titre was much higher than that obtained in the virus neutralization assay. The high binding antibody titre of rabbit anti–IHNV sera made the development of two immunological tests for IHNV possible. Virus–specific proteins were detected on nitrocellulose membranes after transfer from denaturing polyacrylamide gels. The immunological methods were highly specific, sensitive lo less than 10 ng of virus protein, and were useful in characterizing the different strains of IHNV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1985.tb01182.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The route of entry and progression of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum): a sequential immunohistochemical study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 17 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), fry were experimentally infected with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) Round Butte 1983 (Type 1). Fry were sampled daily, before and during the epizootic. Fish tissues were tested for infectious virus by tissue culture assay and for IHNV nucleocapsid protein by alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry (APIH). The progression of virus through the tissues was followed by APIH until the fourteenth day. Viral infection progressed from two major sites: from the gills into the circulatory system; and from the oral region into the gastrointestinal tract and then into the circulatory system. Once in the blood, virus was disseminated to virtually every organ. Progression of IHNV within and between organs is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1994.tb00229.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Persistent infections in salmonid fish cells with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 1 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two cell lines that are persistently infected with IPN virus have been established. Viral persistence in the cultures was demonstrated by the detection of infectious virus (102-105,5 TCID/ml50) in the culture fluids, by specific immunofluorescence, and by their resistance to superinfection by homologous virus. The growth, rate of these cells was indistinguishable from normal, uninfected cells. Virus stocks harvested from persistently infected cultures contained a greater proportion of defective, interfering particles than those from lytically infected cells which suggests that these particles may be responsible for the maintenance of these carrier cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1978.tb00034.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative sensitivity of five fish cell lines to wild type infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from two Oregon sources (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 5 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Five fish cell lines (CHSE-214, STE-137, RTG-2, EPC and FHM) were compared for sensitivity to infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) from samples obtained from naturally-infected fish. Infectious ovarian fluids were obtained from steelhead trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, at the Round Butte Hatchery in central Oregon and tissue homogenates were prepared from chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), alevins during an IHN virus epizootic at the Elk River Hatchery in coastal Oregon. The only lines to show characteristic viral cytopathology by plaque or end-point dilution assay for the steelhead trout virus isolate were the EPC and FHM cell lines. The chinook salmon isolates produced CPE in CHSE-214, STE-137, FHM and EPC cells. The titre of the salmon virus isolate was 10-50-fold higher on FHM and EPC cells by both assay methods. Neither by end-point nor plaque assay did the Round Butte or Elk River isolates produce CPE on RTG-2 cells. With both virus isolants both cell lines showed that greater sensitivity was obtained with plaque assay than with end-point titration. Pre-treatment of the cells with the polycation, polybrene, did not increase the virus titre in either assay. However, a transient enhancement in virus titre was observed in polybrene-treated STE-137 and CHSE-214 cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1982.tb00462.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of polybrene on the infectivity of infectious haemopoietic necrosis virus in tissue culture (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 4 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. enhancement of plaque formation by IHN virus on CHSE-214 cells was obtained with 2–5 /(μ/ml polybrene. The enhancement is due to increased infectivity of small plaque variants in the IHN virus stock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1981.tb01141.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in cell cultures with peptide-conjugated morpholino oligomers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of fish diseases 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2761
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Delivery of phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO) into fish cells in vitro and tissues in vivo was examined. Uptake was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after treating cultured cells or live rainbow trout with 3′ fluorescein-tagged PMO. Arginine-rich peptide conjugated to the 5′ end of the PMO markedly enhanced cellular uptake in culture by 8- to 20-fold compared with non-peptide-conjugated PMO as determined by flow cytometry. Enhanced uptake of PMO conjugated to peptide was also observed in tissues of fish treated by immersion. The efficacy of PMO as inhibitors of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) replication was determined in vitro. Peptide-conjugated PMOs targeting sequences within the IHNV genomic RNA (negative polarity) or antigenomic RNA (positive polarity) significantly inhibited replication in a dose-dependent and sequence-specific manner. A PMO complementary to sequence near the 5′ end of IHNV genomic RNA was the most effective, diminishing titre by 97%, as measured by plaque assay and Western blot. These data demonstrate that replication of a negative-stranded non-segmented RNA virus can be inhibited by antisense compounds that target positive polarity viral RNA, or by a compound that targets negative polarity viral RNA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00641.x
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