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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    X-linked ultra high strength polyethylene fibres (1987)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; ultra strengfibre ; X-link ; property
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The present work was aimed to improve further upon the mechanical properties of gel spun polyethylene fibres of ultrahigh modulus and tenacity. Cross-links were introduced by electron irradiation of the gelsbefore drawing. Under the present circumstances this resulted in much more favourable creep properties, of the fibres and tapes and also to retention of much of their strength after holding at 200 °C, without, however, significantly affecting drawability and the resulting high modulus and strength.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01412706
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation behavior of oriented UHMW-PE fibers (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 455-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; fibers ; structure ; dynamicbehavior ; volumeexpansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanical behavior of gel-spun, ultra-drawn, UHMW-PE fibers was investigated as a function of temperature, stress, and time under static and dynamic loading conditions. From a phenomenological point of view, two separate contributions to the deformation behavior could be distinguished, i.e., a reversible (viscoelastic) contribution and an irreversible plastic flow component. It was investigated whether or not this distinction can be rationalized on a molecular basis. The fibers were studied using static (creep) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), dilatometry, and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS). The results of the combined experimental observations are discussed in an attempt to relate the deformation behavior of highly oriented PE fibers to events occurring on a molecular scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665989
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultra-drawing of high molecular weight polyethylene cast from solution (1980)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 258 (1980), S. 891-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Hot drawing of high molecular weight polyethylene ( $$\left( {\bar M_w = 1.5 \times 10^6 } \right)$$ ) was studied. It was found that solutioncast films exhibited a drastically increased drawability in comparison with melt-crystallized material. This phenomenon, which enabled the production of polyethylene structures with a Young's modulus of 108 GPa and a strength of 3.0 GPa, is discussed in terms of a reduced number of entanglements in solution-crystallized material related to melt-crystallized films.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01566246
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultra-drawing of high molecular weight polyethylene cast from solution (1981)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 1070-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Ultra-drawing ; Polyethylene ; Morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Morphologie und Struktur von Gelen, hergestellt durch Abschreckung halbverdünnter Lösungen von Polyethylen mit hohem Mol-Gewicht $$(\bar M_w = 1,5 - 3,5 \cdot 10^6 )$$ in Decalin werden besprochen. Das Streckverhalten bei Raumtemperatur und bei 130 °C der trockenen Gelfilme und die Struktur-Eigenschaften von im Verhältnis bis 130:1 gestreckten Filme wurden unter Verwendung verschiedener Mikroskop-Techniken und der Weitwinkelstreuung von Röntgenstrahlen geprüft.
    Notes: Summary The morphology and structure of gels produced by quenching semidilute solutions of high molecular weight polyethylene $$(\bar M_w = 1.5 - 3.5 \cdot 10^6 )$$ in decalin is discussed. The drawing behavior of the dried gel films at room temperature and at 130 °C and the structural features of films drawn to ratios as high as 130 were examined with various microscopic techniques and wide-angle X-ray scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01524892
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved adhesive properties of high-modulus polyethylene structures (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 753-759 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The adhesion of oriented, high-modulus polyethylene-structures to epoxy resins is greatly enhanced by pretreatment with oxidizing acids. For KMnO4/H2O/H2SO4 treatment a maximum increase in adhesion, as determined by pull-out tests, of 600% was found. Chromic and chlorosulphonic acid treatment improves the adhesion with 550% and 300% respectively. Moreover, this improvement was obtained without substantially affecting the mechanical properties. The modulus remained the same, whereas tensile strength decreased by less than 10% after this treatment. By monitoring the changes in surface topography (SEM) and surface composition (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) the improvement in adhesion could be related to the introduction of functional oxygen-containing groups, i.e. hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl. Furthermore, at the highest level of adhesion obtained the failure mode changed from interface controlled to shear failure within the polyethylene structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01151252
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation on chain mobility in solid state polymer systems (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 35 (2000), S. 5147-5156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we have investigated chain mobility in polyethylene below its melting temperature. The investigation techniques like atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), time-resolved small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), time-resolved longitudinal acoustic mode (LAM) Raman spectroscopy have been used to follow the chain mobility within individual single crystals and regularly stacked crystals, as a function of temperature and time. Our observations on single crystals are that crystal thickness increases immediately on heating just above the crystallization temperature. In the regularly stacked polyethylene single crystals wherever the overlapping of at least two lamellae arises, thickening occurs during annealing via a mutual chain rearrangement between the adjacent crystals, which leads (ultimately) to a quantum increase, i.e., doubling, of the lamellar thickness. A model has been proposed to explain this quantum increase in the lamellar thickness. The fundamental findings have been extended for some applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004800303531
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting behavior of isotactic polystyrene (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 10 (1972), S. 823-833 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The melting behavior of isotactic polystyrene, crystallized from the melt and from dilute solutions in trans-decalin, has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and solubility measurements. The melting curves show 1, 2, or 3 melting endotherms. At large supercooling, crystallization from the melt produces a small melting endotherm just above the crystallization temperature Tc. This peak originates from secondary crystallization of melt trapped within the spherulites. The next melting endotherm is related to the normal primary crystallization process. Its peak temperature increases linearly with Tc, yielding an extrapolated value for the equilibrium melting temperature Tc° of 242 ± 1°C as found before. By self-seeding, crystallization from the melt could be performed at much higher temperature to obtain melting temperatures as high as 243°C, giving rise to doubt about the value of Tc° found by extrapolation. For normal values of Tc and heating rate, an extra endotherm appears on the melting curve. Its peak temperature is the same for both melt-crystallized and solution-crystallized samples, and independent of Tc, but rises with decreasing heating rate. From the effects of heating rate and partial scanning on the ratio of peak areas and of previous heat treatment on dissolution temperature, it is concluded that this peak arises from the second one by continuous melting and recrystallization during the scan.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.160100504
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chain-extended flexible polymersPaper presented at the meeting of the CDCh-Fachgruppe “Makromolekulare Chemie” on “New Polymers-special properties-modern technologies” in Bad Nauheim (W-Germany) on April 14-15, 1986 (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 145 (1986), S. 343-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: High-strength/high-modulus structures such as fibres, tapes and rods can be produced currently on the basis of intrinsically flexible macromolecules. The prime example amongst these new developments is gelspinning of high-molecular-weight polyethylene resulting in fibrous structures possessing tenacities of 3-4 GPa and corresponding moduli up to appr. 150 GPa. The basic aspects of chain-extension for polyethylene will be discussed in relation to the various routes toward oriented/extended PE structures as well as recent developments concerning the utilization of other flexible polymeric systems for the production of high-strength/high-modulus fibres.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1986.051450117
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization of isotactic polystyrene from dilute solutions (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 1809-1817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The overall rate of crystallization of isotactic polystyrene from dilute solutions, 1% by weight, in trans-decalin and benzyl alcohol was studied as a function of temperature using dilatometry. These solvents were chosen because the dissolution temperatures of crystalline isotactic polystyrene are practically the same in both solvents. The overall rate of crystallization as a function of crystallization temperature showed a maximum in both solvents at about 50°C. At lower crystallization temperatures the rate of crystallization is much lower. The overall rate of crystallization of isotactic polystyrene in benzyl alcohol is far larger than in trans-decalin at the same undercooling throughout the temperature range, which is in apparent contradiction to present crystallization theories. At very large undercooling (Tc lower than about 0°C) the solutions of isotactic polystyrene in both solvents quickly become “rigid” gels. Surface replicas of freeze-etched gels indicate that a fringed micelle type of crystallization takes place at these low temperatures. The transition from folded chain crystallization to fringed micelle crystallization may be due to a stiffening of the polymer chain below about 50°C, with a reduced rotational mobility of the phenyl groups on the chain. If very dilute solutions, below 0.5% by weight, are crystallized at these low temperatures no gels were formed but fibrous crystals are produced which could be observed under the polarizing microscope.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130913
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secondary crystallization of isotactic polystyrene (1974)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 12 (1974), S. 1565-1574 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: When isotactic polystyrene (i-PS) is crystallized from the melt or from the glassy state at rather large supercooling an additional melting peak appears on the curve during scanning in a differential calorimeter. The overall rate of crystallization deduced from the total peak areas as a function of crystallization time did not fit the Avrami equation well. When we omit the area of the additional melting peak in the kinetic analysis a much better fit is obtained. We also observed that no lamellar thickening occurs during isothermal crystallization. In view of the low degree of crystallinity of i-PS these results lead to the idea that a secondary crystallization process takes place within the amorphous parts of the spherulites resulting in this additional melting peak on the DSC curve. The large supercooling needed and the increase in peak area with increasing molecular weight make us suppose that intercrystalline links are probably responsible for the additional melting peak of bulk-crystallized i-PS. Electron microscopic studies of surface replicas of i-PS support this view.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1974.180120805
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