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1

Electronic Resource

Response of the photosynthetic apparatus in maize leaves grown at low temperature on transfer to normal growth temperature (1995)

NIE, G. -Y. ; ROBERTSON, E. J. ; FRYER, M. J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 18 (1995), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Low temperatures are known to restrict chloroplast development and prevent the attainment of photosynthetic competence in maize leaves. The responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of mature maize leaves grown at 14°C on transfer of the plants to 25°C are examined. The synthesis of thylakoid proteins increased immediately on transfer of leaves from 14 to 25°C, with a dramatic accumulation of thylakoid proteins and chlorophylls occurring after 3 d at 25°C. Thylakoid structure and organization also became similar to those observed in leaves grown at 25°C over this period. However, no comparable development of photosynthetic competence in photosystems I and II or in the rate of CO2 assimilation was observed on transfer of leaves from 14 to 25°C. Immunocytological analyses demonstrated heterogeneity in the distribution of a range of thylakoid proteins (cy tochrome f, the α and β subunits of the coupling factor, Dl of the photosytem II reaction centre, the 33kDa protein of the extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II, and subunit II of photosystem I between mesophyll cells in leaves grown at 14°C, and in the responses of individual proteins to transfer of the leaves to 25°C. Such heterogeneity between mcsophyll cells would account for the inability of the leaves to develop the expected degree of photosynthetic competence on transfer to 25°C. The effects of low growth temperatures on chloroplast biogenesis are complex, as are the changes induced by the transfer ofleaves grown at low temperatures to optimal growth temperature, and both these factors may limit the canopy development and photosynthetic productivity of crops in temperate regions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00538.x

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2

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Chloroplast thylakoid protein changes induced by low growth temperature in maize revealed by immunocytology (1993)

ROBERTSON, E. J. ; BAKER, N. R. ; LEECH, R. M.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 16 (1993), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Tissue-specific effects of low growth temperature on maize chloroplast thylakoid protein accumulation were analysed using immunocytology. Sections of leaves from plants grown at 25 and 14°C were probed with antibodies to specific chloroplast thylakoid proteins from the four major protein multisubunit complexes of the thylakoid membrane followed by fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibodies. At a normal growth temperature of 25°C, the 32 kDa D1 protein of the photosystem II reaction centre and the 33 kDa protein of the extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II are both accumulated to a greater degree in the mesophyll than in the bundle sheath chloroplasts. In contrast, subunit II of photosystem I, cytochrome f and the α- and β-subunits of ATP synthetase are predominant in the bundle sheath thylakoids at 25°C. A striking difference between the 25°C-grown and the 14°C-grown leaf tissue was the presence in the latter of (20–30%) cells whose chloroplasts apparently completely lack several of the thylakoid proteins. In plants grown at 14°C, the accumulation of the 33 kDa protein of the extrinsic oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II was apparently unchanged, but other thylakoid proteins showed a significant reduction. The uneven distribution of proteins between the bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts observed at 25°C was also maintained at 14°C. Reduction in the fluorescence at 14°C was manifested either as an overall reduction in the diffuse fluorescence across the chloroplast profiles or less frequently as a reduction to small discrete bodies of intense fluorescence. The significance of these results to low-temperature-induced reduction in the photosynthetic productivity of maize is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.1993.tb00502.x

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3

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The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on lipid metabolism in leaves from mature wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Hereward) plants (1998)

Williams, M. ; Robertson, E. J. ; Leech, R. M. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 21 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hereward) plants were grown for 35 d either at 350 μmol mol–1 CO2 or at 650 μmol mol–1 CO2. Lipid synthesis was studied in these plants by incubating the 5th leaf on the main stem with [1–14C]acetate. Increased CO2 concentrations did not significantly affect the total incorporation of radiolabel into lipids of whole leaf tissue, but altered the distribution for individual lipid classes. Most noticeable amongst acyl lipids was the reduction in labelling of diacylglycerol and a corresponding increase in the proportion of phosphatidylcholine labelling. In the basal regions, there were similar changes and, in addition, phosphatidylglycerol labelling was particularly increased following growth in an enriched CO2 atmosphere. The stimulation of labelling of the mitochondrial-specific lipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, prompted an examination of the mitochondrial population in wheat plants. Mitochondria were localized in intact wheat sections by immunolabelling for the mitochondrial-specific chaperonin probe. Growth in elevated CO2 doubled the number of mitochondria compared to growth in ambient CO2. Fatty acid labelling was also significantly influenced following growth at elevated CO2 concentrations. Most noticeable were the changes in 16C:18C ratios for the membrane lipids, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. These data imply a change in the apportioning of newly synthesized fatty acids between the ‘eukaryotic’ and ‘prokaryotic’ pathways of metabolism under elevated CO2.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00332.x

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4

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Variation in cellular ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase content in leaves of Triticum genotypes at three levels of ploidy (1985)

Leech, R. M. ; Leese, B. M. ; Jellings, A. J.

Springer

Planta 166 (1985), S. 259-263

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Leaf (RuBPCase) ; Ploidy (RuBPCase) ; Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ; Triticum (ploidy, RuBPCase)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 1.1.39) (RuBPCase) was quantified using polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in whole 9-d-old first leaves of 14 genotypes of Triticum, and cellular RuBPCase levels calculated. Diploids, tetraploids and hexaploids were analysed and it was confirmed that the RuBPCase level per cell is closely related to ploidy in wheat. Inter-genotypic variation in RuBPCase levels per cell and per leaf were surveyed. It was found that the interactions between leaf size, cell size and RuBPCase levels result in small variations in RuBPCase levels per unit leaf area between genotypes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397357

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5

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The control of chloroplast number in wheat mesophyll cells (1987)

Pyke, K. A. ; Leech, R. M.

Springer

Planta 170 (1987), S. 416-420

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Cell size ; Chloroplast number ; Mesophyll cell ; Triticum (chloroplast number)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Chloroplast number per cell and mesophyll cell plan area were determined in populations of separated cells from the primary leaves of different wheat species representing three levels of ploidy. Mean chloroplast number per cell increases with ploidy level as mean cell size increases. But in addition the analysis of individual cells clearly shows that cells of a similar size but from species of different ploidies have similar numbers of chloroplasts. We conclude that the number of chloroplasts within a cell is closely correlated (P〈0.001) with the size of the cell and this relationship is consistent for species of different ploidies over a wide range of cell sizes. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that chloroplast number in leaf mesophyll cells is determined by the size of the cell.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395035

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6

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Acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase in species of Triticum of different ploidy (1990)

Hawke, J. C. ; Leech, R. M.

Springer

Planta 181 (1990), S. 543-546

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Acetyl CoA carboxylase ; Leaf (acetyl CoA carboxylase) ; Gene dosage (enzyme activity) ; Ploidy (wheat) ; Triticum (acetyl CoA carboxylase)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The cellular amounts and cellular activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC; EC 6.4.1.2.) were determined in the first leaves of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid species of Triticum (wheat). Per leaf the ACC activities were very similar in T. monococcum (2 χ), T. dicoccum (4 χ) and T. aestivum (6 χ). The ACC activity per chloroplast also showed little variation between species of different ploidy but since chloroplast number increases with ploidy, the ACC activities and ACC amounts per cell also increased with ploidy. These cellular increases in ACC amounts associated with increases in gene dosage were highly co-ordinated in the diploids T. monococcum and T. tauschii and their respective autotetraploids so the specific activity of ACC was highly conserved in these plants. The relevance of these findings to attempts to genetically manipulate lipid biosynthesis in chloroplasts is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00193008

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7

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Some effects of 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (San 9785) on the development of chloroplast thylakoid membranes in Hordeum vulgare L. (1985)

Leech, R. M. ; Walton, C. A. ; Baker, N. R.

Springer

Planta 165 (1985), S. 277-283

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: 4-Chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone ; Chlorophyll fluorescence ; Hordeum (thylakoids) ; Linolenic acid ; San 9785 ; Thylakoid (organisation)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Chloroplast ultrastructural and photochemical features were examined in 6-d-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Sundance) plants which had developed in the presence of 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone (San 9785). In spite of a substantial modification of the fatty-acid composition of thylakoid lipids there were no gross abnormalities in chloroplast morphology, and normal amounts of membrane and chlorophyll were present. Fluorescence kinetics at 77K demonstrated considerable energetic interaction of photosystem (PS)I and PSII chlorophylls within the altered lipid environment. An interference with electron transport was indicated from altered room-temperature fluorescence kinetics at 20°C. Subtle changes in the arrangements of chloroplast membranes were consistently evident and the overall effects of these changes was to increase the proportion of appressed to nonappressed membranes. This correlated with a lower chlorophyll a/b ratio, an increase in the amount of light-harvesting chlorophylls as determined by gel electrophoresis and fluorescence emission spectra, and an increase in excitation-energy transfer from PSII to PSI, as predicted from current ideas on the organisation of photosystems in appressed and non-appressed thylakoid membranes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00395051

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8

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Cell size and chloroplast size in relation to chloroplast replication in light-grown wheat leaves (1985)

Ellis, J. R. ; Leech, R. M.

Springer

Planta 165 (1985), S. 120-125

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Cell size ; Chloroplast replication ; Mesophyll (development) ; Polyploidy ; Triticum (chloroplast replication)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract As part of an investigation into the control of chloroplast replication the number and size of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells was examined in relation to the size of the cells. In first leaves of Triticum aestivum L. and T. monococcum L. the number of chloroplasts in fully expanded mesophyll cells is positively correlated with the plan area of the cells. The linear relationship between chloroplast number per cell and cell plan area is also consistent over a fivefold range of cell size in isogenic diploid and tetraploid T. monococcum. In T. aestivum the chloroplast number per unit cell plan area varies among cells in relation to the size of the chloroplasts. Those cells containing chloroplasts with a relatively small face area have a correspondingly higher density of chloroplasts, and consequently, the total chloroplast area per unit cell plan area is very similar in all the cells. The results indicate that the proportion of the cell surface area covered by chloroplasts is precisely regulated, and that this is achieved during cell development by growth and replication of the chloroplasts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392220

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9

Electronic Resource

Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase activity in normally developing wheat leaves (1987)

Hawke, J. C. ; Leech, R. M.

Springer

Planta 171 (1987), S. 489-495

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Acetyl CoA carboxylase ; Cell (age, enzyme activity) ; Fatty acid biosynthesis ; Leaf, developing ; Triticum (acetyl-CoA-carboxylase)

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the role of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) in the regulation of fatty-acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts, the activities and relative amounts of the enzyme have been measured in the tissue of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves undergoing development and cellular differentiation. The total activity in the first leaves of 5- to 7-d-old plants was similar but decreased to less than half in 9-d-old plants. The activity of ACC in the cells of the first leaf of 7-d-old plants doubled when cell age increased from 24 to 48 h, remained relatively constant for a further 24 h and then declined. The amount of ACC in cells increased 15-fold during the first 36 h of cell enlargement. Cells more than 36 h old contained about two-thirds the maximum amount of ACC found in younger cells. The most rapid phase of fatty-acyl accumulation in lipids was in cells aged between 60 and 84 h. Tenfold changes in the activity of ACC were observed when the assay conditions with respect to ATP, ADP, Mg2+ and pH were changed to correspond to the physiological conditions in chloroplasts during light/dark transitions. This observation and the magnitude of the changes in the optimum activity and amount of ACC in leaf cells undergoing development are consistent with a role for ACC in the regulation of the flow of carbon from acetyl CoA to fatty acids in chloroplasts.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392296

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