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Seawater carbonate chemistry and larval settlement of Sea urchin larvae (2020)

Espinel-Velasco, Nadjejda ; Agüera, Antonio ; Lamare, Miles

PANGAEA

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Extensive research has shown that the early life stages of marine organisms are sensitive to ocean acidification (OA). Less is known, however, on whether larval settlement and metamorphosis may be affected, or by which mechanisms. These are key processes in the life cycle of most marine benthic organisms, since they mark the transition between the free swimming larval stage to the benthic life. We investigated whether OA could affect the larval settlement success of the sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus, a key coastal species with ecological, economic and cultural importance in New Zealand. We performed four settlement experiments to test whether reduced seawater pH (ranging from 8.1 to 7.0, at an interval of ∼0.2 pH units) alters larval settlement and metamorphosis success. Our results show that settlement success was not significantly reduced when the larvae were exposed to a range of reduced seawater pH treatments (8.1–7.0) at time of settlement (direct effects). Similarly, when presented with crustose coralline algae (CCA) pre-conditioned in different seawater pH of either pH 8.1 or 7.7 for 28 days, larval settlement success remained unaltered (indirect effects). We conclude that competent larvae in this species are resilient to OA at time of settlement. Further research on a range of taxa that vary in settlement selectivity and behaviour is needed in order to fully understand the effects of OA on the life cycle of marine invertebrates and the consequences it might have for future coastal marine ecosystems.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Calculated using SWCO2 (Hunter, 2007); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Condition; Echinodermata; Evechinus chloroticus; Experiment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Laboratory experiment; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH, standard error; Registration number of species; Reproduction; Salinity; Settlement; Settlement, standard error; Single species; South Pacific; Species; Substrate type; Temperate; Temperature, water; Time in hours; Treatment; Type; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Zooplankton

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1999 data points

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Seawater carbonate chemistry and phytoplankton biomass and species composition of a unique temperate rocky coastal hydrothermal vent system (2019)

Zitoun, Rebecca ; Connell, Sean D ; Cornwall, Christopher Edward ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: In situ effects of ocean acidification are increasingly studied at submarine CO2 vents. Here we present a preliminary investigation into the water chemistry and biology of cool temperate CO2 vents near Whakaari–White Island, New Zealand. Water samples were collected inside three vent shafts, within vents at a distance of 2 m from the shaft and at control sites. Vent samples contained both seawater pH on the total scale (pHT) and carbonate saturation states that were severely reduced, creating conditions as predicted for beyond the year 2100. Vent samples showed lower salinities, higher temperatures and greater nutrient concentrations. Sulfide levels were elevated and mercury levels were at concentrations considered toxic at all vent and control sites, but stable organic and inorganic ligands were present, as deduced from Cu speciation data, potentially mediating harmful effects on local organisms. The biological investigations focused on phytoplankton, zooplankton and macroalgae. Interestingly, we found lower abundances but higher diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton at sites in the direct vicinity of Whakaari. Follow-up studies will need a combination of methods and approaches to attribute observations to specific drivers. The Whakaari vents represent a unique ecosystem with considerable biogeochemical complexity, which, like many other vent systems globally, require care in their use as a model of 'future oceans'.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Ammonium; Ammonium, standard deviation; Aragonite saturation state; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Cell density; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Community composition and diversity; Entire community; Equitability; Field measurement; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Nitrogen oxide; Nitrogen oxide, standard deviation; Number of species; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; Phosphate; Phosphate, standard deviation; Salinity; Shannon Diversity Index; South Pacific; Station label; Temperate; Temperature, water; Type; Whakaari_White_Island

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 241 data points

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Trematomus bernacchii experimental data files (2016)

Sandersfeld, Tina ; Davison, William ; Lamare, Miles D ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Sandersfeld, Tina; Davison, William; Lamare, Miles D; Knust, Rainer; Richter, Claudio (2015): Elevated temperature causes metabolic trade-offs at the whole-organism level in the Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Journal of Experimental Biology, 218(15), 2373-2381, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.122804

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Publication Date: 2024-03-01

Description: As a response to ocean warming, shifts in fish species distribution and changes in production have been reported that have been partly attributed to temperature effects on the physiology of animals. The Southern Ocean hosts some of the most rapidly warming regions on earth and Antarctic organisms are reported to be especially temperature sensitive. While cellular and molecular organismic levels appear, at least partially, to compensate for elevated temperatures, the consequences of acclimation to elevated temperature for the whole organism are often less clear. Growth and reproduction are the driving factors for population structure and abundance. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of long-term acclimation to elevated temperature on energy budget parameters in the high-Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii. Our results show a complete temperature compensation for routine metabolic costs after 9 weeks of acclimation to 4°C. However, an up to 84% reduction in mass growth was measured at 2 and 4°C compared with the control group at 0°C, which is best explained by reduced food assimilation rates at warmer temperatures. With regard to a predicted temperature increase of up to 1.4°C in the Ross Sea by 2200, such a significant reduction in growth is likely to affect population structures in nature, for example by delaying sexual maturity and reducing production, with severe impacts on Antarctic fish communities and ecosystems.

Keywords: AWI_BPP; Bentho-Pelagic Processes @ AWI

Type: Dataset

Format: application/zip, 97.3 kBytes

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Echinometra sea urchins acclimatised to elevated pCO2 at volcanic vents outperform those under present-day pCO2 conditions (2016)

Uthicke, Sven ; Ebert, Thomas ; Liddy, Michelle ; [et al.]

PANGAEA

In: Supplement to: Uthicke, Sven; Ebert, Thomas; Liddy, Michelle; Johansson, Charlotte; Fabricius, Katharina Elisabeth; Lamare, Miles (2016): Echinometra sea urchins acclimatised to elevated pCO2 at volcanic vents outperform those under present-day pCO2 conditions. Global Change Biology, 22(7), 2451-2461, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13223

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Publication Date: 2024-03-15

Description: Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will significantly reduce ocean pH during the 21st century (ocean acidification, OA). This may hamper calcification in marine organisms such as corals and echinoderms, as shown in many laboratory-based experiments. Sea urchins are considered highly vulnerable to OA. We studied an Echinometra species on natural volcanic CO2 vents in Papua New Guinea, where they are CO2-acclimatized and also subjected to secondary ecological changes from elevated CO2. Near the vent site, the urchins experienced large daily variations in pH (〉 1 unit) and pCO2 (〉 2000 ppm) and average pH values (pHT 7.73) much below those expected under the most pessimistic future emission scenarios. Growth was measured over a 17-month period using tetracycline tagging of the calcareous feeding lanterns. Average-sized urchins grew more than twice as fast at the vent compared with those at an adjacent control site, and assumed larger sizes at the vent compared to the control site and two other sites at another reef near-by. A small reduction in gonad weight was detected at the vents, but no differences in mortality, respiration, or degree of test calcification were detected between urchins from vent and control populations. Thus, urchins did not only persist but actually 'thrived' under extreme CO2 conditions. We suggest an ecological basis for this response: increased algal productivity under increased pCO2 provided more food at the vent, resulting in higher growth rates. The wider implication of our observation is that laboratory studies on non-acclimatized specimens, which typically do not consider ecological changes, can lead to erroneous conclusions on responses to global change.

Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Calcite saturation state; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; CO2 vent; Coast and continental shelf; Diameter; Dobu_A; Dobu_B; Echinodermata; Echinometra sp.; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Field observation; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Height; Identification; Location; Mass; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); pH; Potentiometric; Potentiometric titration; Salinity; Salinity, standard deviation; Single species; Size; South Pacific; Species; Temperature, water; Tropical; Type; Upa-Upasina; Upa-Upasina_control

Type: Dataset

Format: text/tab-separated-values, 17305 data points

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Global variability in seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios in the modern ocean (2020)

Lebrato, Mario ; Garbe-Schönberg, Dieter ; Müller, Marius N. ; [et al.]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2020; 117(36): 22281-22292. Published 2020 Aug 25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918943117.

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Publication Date: 2020-08-25

Description: Seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios are biogeochemical parameters reflecting the Earth–ocean–atmosphere dynamic exchange of elements. The ratios’ dependence on the environment and organisms' biology facilitates their application in marine sciences. Here, we present a measured single-laboratory dataset, combined with previous data, to test the assumption of limited seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca variability across marine environments globally. High variability was found in open-ocean upwelling and polar regions, shelves/neritic and river-influenced areas, where seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios range from ∼4.40 to 6.40 mmol:mol and ∼6.95 to 9.80 mmol:mol, respectively. Open-ocean seawater Mg:Ca is semiconservative (∼4.90 to 5.30 mol:mol), while Sr:Ca is more variable and nonconservative (∼7.70 to 8.80 mmol:mol); both ratios are nonconservative in coastal seas. Further, the Ca, Mg, and Sr elemental fluxes are connected to large total alkalinity deviations from International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) standard values. Because there is significant modern seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratios variability across marine environments we cannot absolutely assume that fossil archives using taxa-specific proxies reflect true global seawater chemistry but rather taxa- and process-specific ecosystem variations, reflecting regional conditions. This variability could reconcile secular seawater Mg:Ca and Sr:Ca ratio reconstructions using different taxa and techniques by assuming an error of 1 to 1.50 mol:mol, and 1 to 1.90 mmol:mol, respectively. The modern ratios’ variability is similar to the reconstructed rise over 20 Ma (Neogene Period), nurturing the question of seminonconservative behavior of Ca, Mg, and Sr over modern Earth geological history with an overlooked environmental effect.

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490

Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General

Published by National Academy of Sciences

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Growth and age of the midget octopus, Octopus huttoni (2019)

Donlon, Erica M. Y. ; Damsteegt, Erin L. ; McKinnon, Jean ; [et al.]

Springer

In: Aquatic Ecology. 2019; 53(4): 689-706. Published 2019 Sep 05. doi: 10.1007/s10452-019-09719-y.

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Publication Date: 2019-09-05

Print ISSN: 1386-2588

Electronic ISSN: 1573-5125

Topics: Biology

Published by Springer

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Ocean acidification induces carry-over effects on the larval settlement of the New Zealand abalone, Haliotis iris (2020)

Espinel-Velasco, Nadjejda ; Lamare, Miles ; Kluibenschedl, Anna ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

In: ICES Journal of Marine Science. 2020; Published 2020 Jun 18. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsaa086. [early online release]

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Publication Date: 2020-06-18

Description: Larval settlement is a key process in the lifecycle of benthic marine organisms; however, little is known on how it could change in reduced seawater pH and carbonate saturation states under future ocean acidification (OA). This is important, as settlement ensures species occur in optimal environments and, for commercially important species such as abalone, reduced settlement could decrease future population success. We investigated how OA could affect settlement success in the New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris by examining: (1) direct effects of seawater at ambient (pHT 8.05) and reduced pHT (7.65) at the time of settlement, (2) indirect effects of settlement substrates (crustose coralline algae, CCA) preconditioned at ambient and reduced pHT for 171 days, and (3) carry-over effects, by examining settlement in larvae reared to competency at ambient and reduced pHT (7.80). We found no effects of seawater pH or CCA incubation on larval settlement success. OA-induced carry-over effects were evident, with lower settlement in larvae reared at reduced pH. Understanding the mechanisms behind these responses is key to fully comprehend the extent to which OA will affect marine organisms and the industries that rely on them.

Print ISSN: 1054-3139

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics

Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea.

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