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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular-marker-facilitated investigation on the ability to stimulate N2 fixation in the rhizosphere by irrigated rice plants (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 1177-1183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; Atom 15N% excess ; N2 fixation ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An F2 population, consisting of 231 individuals derived from a cross between rice cultivars with a similar growing duration, Palawan and IR42, was utilized to investigate the genetic nature of rice varietal ability to stimulate N2 fixation in the rice rhizosphere. To assess rhizospheric N2 fixation, an isotope-enriched 15N dilution technique was employed, using 15N-stabilized soil in pots. IR42, an indica variety, had 23% higher N derived from fixation (Ndfa) than Palawan, a javanica genotype. Normal segregation of atom% 15N excess was obtained in the F2 population, with an average of 0.218 with 8% of plants below IR42 (0.188) and 10% of plants above Palawan (0.248). One-hundred-and-four RFLP markers mapped on 12 chromosomes were tested for linkage to the putative QTLs. Significant (P〈0.01) associations between markers and segregation of atom% 15N excess were observed for seven marker loci located on chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 11. Four QTLs defined by the detected marker loci were identified by interval-mapping analysis. Additive gene action was found to be predominant, but for at least one locus, dominance and partial dominance effects were observed. Significant (P〈0.01) epistatic effects were also identified. Individual marker loci detected between 8 and 16% of the total phenotypic variation. All four putative QTLs showed recessive gene action, and no phenotypic effects associated with heterozygosity of marker loci were observed. The results of this study suggest that rice genetic factors can be identified which affect levels of atom% 15N excess in the soil by interacting with diazotrophs in the rice rhizosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220926
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-allelic interaction conditioning spikelet sterility in an F2 population of indica/japonica cross in rice (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 825-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L ; Spikelet fertility ; Non-allelic interaction ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Significant segregation of spikelet fertility occurred in an F2 population derived from a spikelet fertility-normal F1 hybrid produced by a cross between ‘Palawan’, a japonica variety, and ‘IR42’, an indica variety. To identify factors controlling the fertility segregation, we used 104 RFLP markers covering all 12 rice chromosomes to investigate the association of spikelet fertility and marker segregation. We found that the segregation of two sets of gene pairs was significantly (P 〈 0.001) associated with fertility segregation. The first pair of genes was linked to RFLP marker RG778 on chromosome 12 and RFLP markers RG690/RG369 on chromosome 1. A significant reduction in fertility was observed when the plants were homozygote at RG778 with the indica allele as well as homozygote at RG690/RG369 with the japonica allele. The second pair of genes was linked to RG218 on chromosome 12 and RG650 on chromosome 7, respectively. The recombinant homozygote at these two loci showed a significant reduction on spikelet fertility. The non-allelic interaction effect was further modified by a gene linked to RG778, resulting in even lower fertility. The results of this study provides the first evidence of chromosomal localization of sporophytic sterility genes whose interaction can result in a reduction of spikelet fertility in the F2 derived from fertility-normal F1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223887
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of heterocyst formation in the blue-Green algae Nostoc muscorum and nostoc linckia (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 155-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Nostoc ; Mutants ; Heterocyst and nitrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Non-heterocystous, non-nitrogenfixing (het - nif-), heterocystous, non-nitrogenfixing (het + nif-) and multiple heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing (M-het + nif+) mutants of heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing (het + nif+) wild-type Nostoc muscorum and Nostoc linckia were isolated and characterized with respect to (a) nitrogenfixing activity, (b) reversion frequency, (c) ammonium repressibility of heterocyst formation, (d) heterocyst spacing pattern, and (e) action of L-methionine-DL-sulphoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS), on heterocyst regulation. The mutant and revertant results suggest: (i) either involvement of a common genetic determinant in the formation of heterocyst and nitrogenase or the organization of het genes and nif genes in a single operon prone to complete inactivation by a single polar mutation, (ii) non-participation of active nitrogenase in regulation of heterocyst spacing; (iii) involvement of genetic factor(s) in the control of heterocyst spacing pattern in N. linckia, and (iv) apparently different nature of the mechanism of heterocyst inhibition by proheterocyst from that of heterocyst inhibition by NO 3 - or NH 4 + . L-Methionine-DL-sulphoximine inhibits growth and causes heterocyst formation in chains in N. linckia growing in nitrogen-free, NO 3 - , NO 2 - or NH 4 + medium, thus indicating a close physiological linkage between heterocyst and inorganic nitrogen metabolism regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410777
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heterocyst division in two blue-green algae (1975)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 102 (1975), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Camptylonema lahorense ; Aulosira fertilissima ; Heterocyst Division
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heterocysts of Camptylonema lahorense and Aulosira fertilissima have been observed to undergo division, as distinct from germination, either by the constriction of the heterocyst wall and protoplast or by the formation of a transverse furrow. A two-pored heterocyst divides in this way to form two one-pored heterocysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428364
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seeding vs. vegetative propagations of the stem-nodulating green manure Sesbania rostrata (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 279-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Sesbania rostrata ; Green manure ; Biofertilizer ; Nitrogen fixation ; Stem nodule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ratooning and stem cutting were compared with seeding in order to reduce the amount of seeds of Sesbania rostrata for green-manure growth. Both methods increased the biofertilizer yield highly significantly within a 6-week growth period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00261012
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fate of markerAzospirillum lipoferum inoculated into rice and its effect on growth, yield and N2 fixation of plants studied by acetylene reduction,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation ; Rice yield ; Acetylene reduction assay ; 15N feeding and dilution techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A spontaneous mutant ofAzospirillum lipoferum, resistant to streptomycin and rifampicin, was inoculated into the soil immediately before and 10 days after transplanting of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two rice varieties with high and low nitrogen-fixing supporting traits, Hua-chou-chi-mo-mor (Hua) and OS4, were used for the plant bacterial interaction study. The effect of inoculation on growth and grain and dry matter yields was evaluated in relation to nitrogen fixation, by in situ acetylene reduction assay,15N2 feeding and15N dilution techniques. A survey of the population of marker bacteria at maximum tillering, booting and heading revealed poor effectivety. The population of nativeAzospirillum followed no definite pattern. Acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) did not differ due to inoculation at two early stages but decreased in the inoculated plants at heading. In contrast, inoculation increased tiller number, plant height of Hua and early reproductive growth of both varieties. Grain yield of both varieties significantly increased along with the dry matter. Total N also increased in inoculated plants, which was less compared with dry matter increase.15N2 feeding of OS4 at heading showed more15N2 incorporation in the control than in the inoculated plants. The ARA,15N and N balance studies did not provide clear evidence that the promotion of growth and nitrogen uptake was due to higher N2 fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638955
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of cyanobacterial glutamine synthetase activity in vivo in response to light and NH 4 + (1979)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 120 (1979), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Blue-green algae ; Cyanobacteria ; Glutamine synthetase ; Light-modulation ; Anabaena cylindrica ; NH 4 + -deactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extractable glutamine synthetase activity of the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica was reduced by approximately 50% when N2-fixing cultures were treated with 10 mM NH 4 + or were placed in darkness. The deactivated enzyme could be rapidly reactivated (within 5 min) by adding 40 mM 2-mercaptoethanol to the biosynthetic reaction mixture. The enzyme could also be reactivated in vivo by replacing the culture in light or by removing NH 4 + . When the enzyme was deactivated by simultaneously adding NH 4 + and placing the culture in darkness, reactivation occurred on reillumination and removal of NH 4 + . The removal of NH 4 + in darkness did not result in reactivation. On in vitro reactivation of glutamine synthetase from dark or NH 4 + -treated cultures the maximum glutamine synthetase activity observed frequently exceeded that of glutamine synthetase extracted from untreated cultures. Anacystis nidulans showed a similar type of reversible dark deactivation to A. cylindrica but Plectonema boryanum and a Nostoc did not. With A. cylindrica, a direct positive correlation between the size of the intracellular pool of glutamate and biosynthetic glutamine synthetase activity occurred during light/dark shifts, and on treatment with NH 4 + . The changes in activity of glutamine synthetase in A. cylindrica in response to light resemble in some respects the light modulation of enzymes of the oxidative and reductive pentose phosphate pathways noted in cyanobacteria by others.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423065
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extension of nitrogen fixation to rice — Necessity and possibilities (1995)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 35 (1995), S. 363-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen supply is critical in attaining yield potential. Achieving the 50% higher yields that will be needed by 2025 will require at least double the 10 m tons of N fertilizer that is currently used each year for rice production. But manufacturing of fertilizer N is dependent on fast depleting non-renewable energy resources. It is in this context that biological nitrogen-fixation-derived N assumes importance in the lowland soils that provide about 86% of the world's rice. Among the conventional systems, green-manure legumes have high N supply potential. But due to associated additional costs such as labour and land opportunity, they do not form an attractive option for farmers. Rice associative N2 fixation (ANF) although has low activities, any increase will be attractive to farmers as it does not require changes in existing cropping systems, and soil and water management practices. Recently, we identified quantitative trait loci underlying ANF in rice (Wu, P.; Zhang, G.; Ladha, J. K.; McCouch, S. and Huang, N.: Restriction fragment length polymorphic markers associated with rice varietal ability to stimulate nitrogen fixation in rhizosphere. Rice Genetic Newsletter 1994 — submitted). The presence of this trait in rice provides an evidence of the occurrence of genetic factors which regulate interaction of rice with diazotrophs in rhizosphere. However, the ANF trait governing the loose diazotroph-rice association appears to have limited potential for enhancing yield. To achieve higher yields, intimate association similar to sugar cane-Acetobacter/legume-rhizobia symbioses will have to be developed in rice. In this paper, we discuss the strategies for transferring nitrogen-fixing capacity to rice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989144
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of green manure legumes to adverse conditions in rice lowlands (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Adverse soil conditons ; Aeschynomene ; Green manure ; Lowland rice ; Nitrogen fixation ; Sesbania ; Forming system development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Poor adoption of sustainable pre-rice green manure technology by lowland farmers is frequently associated with unreliable legume performance under adverse environmental conditions such as marginal soils, short photoperiod, and unfavorable hydrology. A series of field and microplot experiments were conducted at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in 1991 and 1992 to screen and evaluate 12 promising flood-tolerant legumes for adaptation (N accumulation and biological N2 fixation) to a range of environmental stresses, frequently encountered in rice lowlands. Legumes belonging to the genera Sesbania and Aeschynomene were grown for 8 weeks at 10×10 cm spacing: (1) in a fertile control soil and in four marginally productive irrigated lowland rice soils (sandy Entisol, P-deficient Inceptisol, acid Ultisol, and saline Mollisol); (2) during short- (11.7 h) and long-day (12.3 h) seasons in a favorable irrigated lowland soil; and (3) in an aerobic soil (drought-prone rain-fed lowland) and a deep-flood-prone lowland soil (1 week seedling submergence). A large variability in N accumulation was observed among legume species and across different environments, ranging from less than 1 to over 70 mg N plant–1. The nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) accounted on average for 82% of total N accumulation. Sesbania virgata was least affected by unfavorable soil conditions but its Ndfa was the lowest among the tested species (less than 60%). Stem nodule formation did not convey a significant advantage to legumes grown under adverse soil conditions. However, flooding reduced N2 fixation less in stem-nodulating than in solely root-nodulating species. Most species drastically reduced N accumulation under short-day conditions. Aeschynomene afraspera and S. speciosa were least affected by photoperiod. The considerable genetic variability in the germplasm screened allows the selection of potentially appropriate legumes to most conditions studied, thus increasing N accumulation in green manures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335951
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects on N2 fixation (C2H2 reduction), bacterial population and rice plant growth of two modes of straw application to a wetland rice field (1987)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1987), S. 106-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) ; Aerobic and N2-fixing heterotrophs ; Photosynthetic purple nonsulphur bacteria ; Straw ; Wetland rice soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of incorporation and surface application of straw to a wetland rice field on nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction), bacterial population and rice plant growth were studied. Rice straw (5 t ha−1) was chopped (10- to 15-cm pieces) and applied to the field 2 weeks before transplanting IR42, a long-duration variety, and IR50, a short-duration variety. The acetylene-reducing activity (ARA) of IR42 and IR50 measured at heading stage for 3 consecutive days showed significantly higher ARA in IR42 as a result of the 2 straw application methods. Mostly up to 20 days after straw surface application and incorporation, the dark ARA in the soil, total and N2-fixing heterotrophs, and photoorganotrophic purple nonsulphur bacteria (POPNS) in the soil and in association with degrading straw were stimulated. Higher bacterial populations were associated with straw on the surface than with straw incorporated. The POPNS counts, in particular, were increased hundreds fold in the surface-applied straw treatment. Straw applications also increased the root, shoot and total plant biomass at heading stage and the total dry matter yield at harvest in both varieties. The data show the potentials of straw as a source of substrate for the production of microbial biomass and for the non-symbiotic N2 fixation to improve soil fertility and plant nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257643
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