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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supplementary feeding of forage to grazing dairy cows, 3. The effect of three daytime stocking rates on the performance of cows offered grass silage overnight (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 41 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Over a 24-week period, three groups of dairy cows were continuously stocked at 8, 10 or 12 cows ha-1 between morning and afternoon milkings, and overnight were housed and offered grass silage ad libitum. Due to a prolonged drought, sward heights only averaged 4·1 cm.The increase in daytime stocking rate led to a decline in herbage intake, and increases in silage intake. At the highest stocking rate (12 cows ha-1), the silage intake failed to compensate for the reduced herbage intake. Consequently the total dry matter and estimated metabolizable energy intakes were lower than for the 8 and 10 cows ha-1 treatments. Milk yields and milk composition were not significantly affected by treatment but the 12 cows ha-1 stocking rate gave the lowest milk and milk solids yields.The utilized metabolizable energy (UME) on the grazed swards was greatest for the 10 cows ha-1 treatment. The sward cut to provide the silage had a UME level (GJ ha-1) 32% greater on average than the grazed swards during the same growth period. The total areas utilized for grazing and silage production for 8, 10 and 12 cows ha-1 were 0·240, 0·224 and 0·215 ha respectively. Fat and protein yields per unit area were greatest for the 10 cows ha-1 group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01794.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of restriction of silage intake and the provision of an alternative forage on the performance of dairy cows (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In three experiments the effects of restricting the silage ration of dairy cows and of offering alternative forages as buffer feeds were investigated.In the first experiment of changeover design with 3-week periods, restricting the intake of low-quality silage to 0.62 of ad libitum had no significant effect on milk yield in spite of the large energy deficit. Offering high-quality hay as a buffer feed increased total DM intake and milk production of cows receiving either restricted or ad libitum silage.In the second experiment of similar design, restricting the DM intake of high-quality silage to 0·58 of ad libitum significantly reduced milk yield and was associated with a large negative energy balance. Offering straw or ammonia-treated straw with the restricted silage diet did not restore milk production to the level achieved with ad libitum silage but these supplements slightly reduced the energy deficit of the cows. In the third experiment of continuous design lasting 7 weeks, restricting the silage ration to 0.85 of ad libitum had no significant effect on milk production. Offering a strawmix based on straw, barley, molasses and soya with the restricted silage ration restored total DM intake to the ad libitum silage level.In all three experiments milk protein content was reduced by restricting the silage ration and partially restored by offering alternative forages. There were no significant effects on milk fat content and milk lactose content was only reduced by the severest restriction in Experiment 2. It is concluded that short-term minor restrictions of silage intake can be partly sustained by body fat mobilization but more severe restrictions will result in loss of milk yield. Good-quality hay and a strawmix were of benefit in restoring DM and metabolizable energy intakes, whereas straw and ammonia-treated straw were of little value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01773.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supplementary feeding of forage to grazing dairy cows (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: For three 8-week periods of the grazing season 48 spring-calving cows were continuously stocked at either a high or a low rate (average 4.9 and 4.3 cows ha−1 respectively) which declined through the season. Within each stocking rate group half the cows were allowed access to hay for 45 min after morning milking; the other half received no hay.Total dry matter (DM) intakes were increased by offering hay, and intakes of hay were greater at the high stocking rate and during prolonged periods of inclement weather. However, there were times when, because of low herbage height and adverse weather, offering hay once daily could not prevent a decline in total DM intake. Grazing time was reduced and ruminating time increased by offering hay, but the rate of biting at pasture was unaffected. Hay DM was eaten at twice the rate of intake of herbage DM.Offering hay increased milk yield in early season and liveweight gain in late season. The benefits of offering hay were greatest for the higher yielding cows. There were no significant effects on milk composition.Stocking rate had only small effects on herbage height, but stocking at the higher rate tended to reduce herbage DM intake and reduced live-weight gain in late season. Levels of utilized metabolizable energy from grazed herbage were high (average 106 GJ ha−1) but were reduced by feeding hay and stocking at the lower rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01736.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF PROPIONIC ACID AS AN ADDITIVE FOR MAIZE SILAGE (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 30 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two clamps of maize silage were prepared in mid-October, one with 0·33% propionic acid applied during harvesting and one without additive. The treated silage had a peak temperature 3°C below that of the untreated silage. The estimated loss of DM during ensiling was 8% greater in the untreated silage. The stability and acceptability of the silages were tested after exposure to air. The treated silage was slightly more stable than the untreated milage and the intakes by heifers were sligbtly greater. The digestibilities of the two silages estimated in wether sheep were similar, averaging 68·6% digestible OM in the DM at maintenance level and 63·5% at a high level of feeding. The intakes and growth rates of calves and beifers oifered the two silages were also similar.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1975.tb01349.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of stocking rate in early season on dairy cow performance and sward characteristics (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 41 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A comparison was made of stocking rates of 4·7, 5·6 and 6·4 cows ha-1 during the first 7 weeks (period 1) of the grazing season. Each group of British Friesian cows was continuously stocked on a day and a night field. In the subsequent periods 2 and 3 (each lasting 7 weeks) the three groups were maintained at the same stocking rate within periods (4·2 and 31 cows ha-1, respectively). The differential stocking rates were achieved by the addition and removal of cows.The stocking rates applied in period I had no significant effects on milk yield, milk composition, liveweight change or condition score, in any period. Milk production ha-1 over the three periods totalled 12390,13 978 and 14986 kg, and the estimated utilized metabolizable energy totalled 773, 81·5 and 86·6 GJ ha-1 for low, medium and high stocking rates, respectively.Increased stocking rate in period I was associated with a decrease in sward height in periods 1 and 2. This led to an increase in herbage metabolizable energy, and crude protein contents, and to an increase in tiller population density. The lowest stocking rate gave greater live individual tiller weights throughout the experiment and a longer interval between defoliation of individual tillers in period 1.The results indicate that high stocking rates in the spring are not necessarily detrimental to overall summer performance of spring calving dairy cows. However, high stocking rates in the early season ensure a high level of herbage utilization and milk output ha-1 in that period. Although this practice leads to a reduced sward height in mid season, the sward has less rejected area, a higher tiller population density and a higher digestibility than swards stocked at a lower level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01823.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The intake of maize silage by self-fed heifers allowed restricted access (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 32 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The intake of maize silage by self-fed heifers was measured where access to the silage was limited either by reducing the width of the feed face or by restricting the time allowed for feeding. In the first experiment twenty heifers were allowed 0.4 or 0.2 m feed face per head for 7 h daily. In the second experiment fourteen heifers were allowed 0.5 m feed face per head for 5 or 3 h daily. Intake was measured either by estimating faecal output by the chromic oxide technique and then using the in vitro estimate of silage digestibility to calculate individual intakes, or by using the results of eight individually fed heifers to provide a direct relationship between the chromic oxide concentration of the faeces and total intake, and using this to predict the intake of the self-fed heifers from the concentration of chromic oxide in their faeces. The latter method was found to be the most satisfactory because it took into account the effect of level of feeding on the digestibility of maize silage. Restriction of access to the silage by limiting feed face width (Experiment 1) and time (Experiment 2) significantly reduced intakes by 4 and 7% respectively. In both experiments feeding time was significantly reduced by restriction, but this was partially compensated for by a significant increase in rate of eating.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1977.tb01429.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of offering a brewers grains/treated straw supplement to grazing dairy cows (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a two-year study, set stocked dairy cows were offered a mixture of brewers grains and sodium hydroxide-treated straw (1:1 on a dry matter basis)for 1 h daily. The experiments lasted for 20 and 19 weeks, mean supplementary (buffer) feed dry matter intakes were 3·0 and 3·4 kg d-1 and mean sward heights (rising plate meter) were 4·9 and 4·7 cm in 1988 and 1989 respectively. The control group received no supplementation. The buffer feed significantly increased milk yield (26·3 vs 24·6 kg d-1 and 28·6 vs 26·3kg d-1 in 1988 and 1989 respectively), increased liveweight gain (0·27 vs 0·13 kg d-1 and 0·27 vs 0·17 kg d-1) and increased effective stocking rate (5·17 vs 4·69 cows ha-1and 5·10 vs 4·53 cows ha-1). There were no significant effects on milk composition. The greatest responses in milk production were found in the late grazing season.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1993.tb01842.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supplementary feeding of forage to grazing dairy cows (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 40 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Grass silage was offered to continuously stocked dairy cows in two experiments. In the first 12 weeks of the grazing season (Experiment 1) 32 cows were offered grazed herbage only (G), or grazed herbage with a silage supplement offered for 45 min after morning milking (GMS), overnight at a restricted level (GRS) or overnight ad libitum (GAS). The two overnight treatments involved housing the cows between afternoon and morning milking. In late season (Experiment 2) 18 cows were used in a similar experiment lasting 9 weeks to compare treatments G, GMS and GAS. Within experiments the same level of herbage was available to all treatments (mean sward height 9.6 and 7.2 cm in Experiments 1 and 2 respectively).In Experiment 1, offering silage depressed herbage dry matter (DM) intake but had no significant effect on total DM intake. Silage (GMS, GRS, GAS) reduced milk yield but increased milk fat content and fat yield compared with G. In Experiment 2 offering silage depressed herbage DM intake but increased total DM and ME intakes. This led to increased milk yields, fat and lactose contents and liveweight gains, with the greatest benefit obtained when silage was available overnight.Silage was therefore beneficial in maintaining high DM intakes. Also, the substitution of silage for grazed herbage, particularly in Experiment 2, indicated that high stocking rates on grazing land can be maintained throughout the season, when silage is available ad libitum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01737.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    EFFECTS OF COW SLURRY ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION, INTAKE BY CATTLE AND GRAZING BEHAVIOUR (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 29 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Grassland plots were dressed with different amounts of cow slurry in January or March and grazed by dairy heifers at intervals from late April to August. In the first experiment slurry was applied at levels up to 56 tonnes/ha (22±4 tons/ac) in March. Total herbage DM production was directly proportional to the amount of slurry applied. There was no effect of treatment on percentage herbage utilization. In the second experiment slurry was applied at levels up to 100 t/ha (40 tons/ac) in January or in March. There was no significant effect of time or level of slurry application on herbage production or on animal intake, but the behaviour of the heifers was modified during the first eight weeks after plots had been dressed with 75 or 100 t/ha (30 or 40 tons/ac).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1974.tb01233.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying the influence of sward height, concentrate level and initial milk yield on the milk production and grazing behaviour of continuously stocked dairy cows (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Grass and forage science 56 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two factorial design experiments were carried out in the spring of 1994 and 1995, each of 6 weeks, to quantify the effects of sward height (SH), concentrate level (CL) and initial milk yield (IMY) on milk production and grazing behaviour of continuously stocked dairy cows. In Experiment 1, forty-five Holstein Friesian cows were in five groups with initial milk yields of 16·9, 21·1, 28·0, 31·5 and 35·5 kg d–1, grazed sward heights were 3–5, 5–7 and 7–9 cm (LSH, MSH and HSH respectively), and concentrates were fed at rates of 0, 3 and 6 kg d–1. In Experiment 2, 48 cows were in two groups with IMY of 21·3 and 35·5 kg d–1, grazed sward heights were 3–5 and 7–9 cm (LSH and HSH), and concentrates were fed at 0 and 6 kg d–1 and ad libitum. Multiple regression models were used to quantify the effects of the three variables on milk yield persistency (MYP), estimated herbage dry-matter (DM) intake (HDMI), grazing time (GT) and rate of DM intake (RI). The partial regression coefficients showed that increased SH led to increased MYP (Experiment 1 P 〈 0·001, Experiment 2 P 〈 0·05), increased HDMI (P 〈 0·01, P 〈 0·01), increased GT (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·05) and increased RI (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·05). Increasing CL led to increased MYP (NS, P 〈 0·001), decreased HDMI (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·001), decreased GT (NS, P 〈 0·001) and decreased RI (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·001). Higher IMY level of cows decreased MYP (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·001), increased HDMI (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·001), increased GT (P 〈 0·001, P 〈 0·05) and increased RI (P 〈 0·05, P 〈 0·01). The models were highly significant (P 〈 0·001), and accounted for 0·48–0·87 of the total variance. The partial regression coefficients quantified the extent to which GT and RI by cows respond positively to higher IMY, and negatively to increased CL, but respond differently (GT declines in response to a higher RI) with increasing SH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2494.2001.00246.x
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