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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 32 (2000), S. 275-308 
    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An overview of the near and far-field breakup and atomization of a liquid jet by a high speed annular gas jet is presented. The various regimes of liquid jet breakup are discussed in the parameter space of the liquid Reynolds number, the aerodynamic Weber number, and the ratio of the momentum fluxes between the gas and the liquid streams. Recent measurements of the gas-liquid interfacial instabilities are reviewed and used to analyze the underlying physical mechanisms involved in the primary breakup of the liquid jet. This process is shown to consist of the periodic stripping of liquid sheets, or ligaments, which subsequently break up into smaller lumps or drops. Models to predict the liquid shedding frequency, as well as the global parameters of the spray such as the liquid core length and spray spreading angle are discussed and compared with the experiments. The role of the secondary liquid breakup on the far-field atomization of the liquid jet is also considered, and an attempt is made to apply the classical turbulent breakup concepts to explain qualitatively the measurement of the far-field droplet size distribution and its dependence on the liquid to gas mass and momentum flux ratios. Models for the droplet breakup frequency in the far-field region of the jet, and for the daughter-size probability density function, which account for the effect of the liquid loading on the local turbulent dissipation rate in the gas, are discussed in the context of the statistical description of the spray in the far field. The striking effect of the addition of swirl in the gas stream is also examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 30 (1987), S. 623-625 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The three-dimensional structure of a moderate Reynolds number (100) plane wake behind a flat plate subjected to periodic spanwise perturbations has been studied both experimentally and numerically. Comparisons between experimental interface visualizations and numerical calculations demonstrate that important features of the development of the three-dimensional instability can be reproduced by numerical, inviscid vortex dynamics. This suggests a promising way to analyze the physical processes involved in the initiation of the three-dimensional transition in wake flows.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 1696-1698 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The breakup of a round water jet by a swirling coaxial annular air jet, issuing from convergent jet nozzles has been studied experimentally. The intensity of the swirl and the water to air mass flux ratio have been varied over a large range. It was found that the liquid jet is little affected by the swirl when the swirl number, here defined by the ratio of tangential to axial air jet nozzle velocities, is below a critical value (Scr). Just above this value the liquid jet undergoes an explosive radial expansion and disintegration. A simple model shows that the physically relevant parameters are the gas to liquid momentum flux ratio M and the ratio of the nozzle's diameters. For small momentum flux ratios, Scr was found to depend on M−1/2 until an asymptotic constant value is reached at large M. Surface tension has no effect on the breakup when air velocities are large, however, membrane-type breakup is dominant at the lower air velocities when the aerodynamic Weber number is of order 100 or less. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 371-380 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The three-dimensional development of the wake behind a flat plate separating two laminar streams of equal velocity, subjected to perturbations in its initial conditions, is studied experimentally and numerically at moderate Reynolds numbers. The effect of single waves as well as subharmonic streamwise forcing is discussed. For the case of a single wave, streamwise forcing combined with a sinusoidal spanwise perturbation, the two distinct three-dimensional vorticity modes found in an early study [J. Fluid Mech. 190, 1 (1988)], are further studied and their symmetry properties analyzed. Depending on the orientation of the spanwise perturbation, the counter-rotating pairs of streamwise vortex tubes forming in the braids are shown to induce undulations in the cores of the Karman-like vortices, resulting in either an in-phase or a varicose configuration. Furthermore, when the wake is subjected to subharmonic streamwise forcing, additional modes of the topology of the vorticity field are shown to exist. The evolution of these subharmonic three-dimensional modes is analyzed as a function of the initial conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 1 (1989), S. 1035-1044 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The particle dispersion mechanisms in an inhomogeneous, anisotropic, high Reynolds number, turbulent free shear flow are presented. Flow visualization, as well as laser attenuation and diffraction techniques, are used to characterize the evolution of the flow. It is shown that, at each downstream location, the spectral response of the particles to the coherent velocity field that develops in the layer as a result of a Kelvin–Helmholtz type of instability leads to a selective dispersion of the particles across the mixing layer. Furthermore, this particle dispersion layer is shown to be composed of a central core region, characterized by a small mean particle size and two external sublayers with considerably larger mean particle sizes. Finally, the experimental results suggest the dominant role played by the coherent, large scale vortical structure in the dispersion of the particles. Scaling arguments and simplified flow models supporting this hypothesis are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 29 (1994), S. 361-371 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Shear Layer ; Vorticity ; Stratification ; Baroclinic Torque ; Vortex Dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario L'esistenza di una struttura vorticosa nella direzione della corrente, che è sovrapposta alla ben nota vorticità trasversale coerente in flussi di scorrimento (free shear layer) nominalmente bidimensionali, è stata ampiamente studiata. In presenza di stratificazione, però, forze di galleggiamento contribuiscono ad un meccanismo addizionale per la generazione di vorticità nella direzione della corrente. In questa indagine si forza l'instabilità tridimensionale dei flussi stratificati. In questa maniera si osserva sperimentalmente l'effetto del galleggiamento sull'evoluzione della vorticità nella direzione della corrente, l'evoluzione della instabilità indotta dal galleggiamento e l'interazione tra queste due strutture vorticose. Si trova che i vortici nella direzione della corrente, risultanti dall'allungamento del vortice, sono indeboliti in regioni con stratificazione localmente stabile. Si osserva, inoltre, che le strutture di vortici incotte dal galleggiamento si formano quando la parte stabile dell'interfaccia viene ruotata dal tubo di vortice nella direzione della corrente. Questi vortici si rafforzano inizialmente e s'indeboliscono a valle della corrente. Per questo processo la scala temporale dipende dal grado di stratificazione. Per numeri di Richardson inizialmente più grandi di circa 0,03, i tubi di vortici baroclinicamente indeboliti eventualmente spariscono non appena il flusso evolve lungo la corrente ed i vortici generati baroclinicamente dominano la struttura di flusso tridimensionale.
    Notes: Abstract The existence of an organized streamwise vortical structure, which is superimposed on the well known coherent spanwise vorticity in nominally two-dimensional free shear layers, has been studied extensively. In the presence of stratification, however, buoyancy forces contribute to an additional mechanism for the generation of streamwise vorticity. The purpose of the current investigation is to force the three-dimensional instability in the stratified shear layer. In this manner, we experimentally observe the effect of buoyancy on the streamwise vortex tube evolution, the evolution of the buoyancy-induced instability, and the interaction between these two vortical structures. It is found that streamwise vortices resulting from vortex stretching are weakened in regions of locally stable stratification. Buoyancy-induced vortex structures are shown to form where the unstable part of the interface is tilted by the streamwise vortex tubes. These vortices strengthen initially, then weaken downstream, the time scale for this process depending upon the degree of stratification. For initial Richardson numbers larger than about 0.03, the baroclinically weakened vortex tubes eventually disappear as the flow evolves downstream and the baroclinically generated vortices dominate the three-dimensional flow structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Flow, turbulence and combustion 51 (1993), S. 285-290 
    ISSN: 1573-1987
    Keywords: bubbles ; particles ; vortex flows
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract To analyze the dynamics of small, spherical, rigid bubbles in a certain class of turbulent shear flows dominated by large scale coherent vortical structures, we model the plane free shear layer with a periodic array of Stuart vortices. The equation of motion of the bubbles is then integrated numerically to obtain the Lagrangian description of the bubbles, the long-term dynamics of which depends on the free-stream Reynolds number, the Stokes number, the gravitational field, and the strength of the vortices. Depending on the values of these four parameters, it is found that either there exists a stable equilibrium point near the center of each vortex, where bubble accumulation occurs, or all bubbles escape from captivity by the vortices. In the limiting case of dominant viscous drag forces, an Eulerian description of the “bubble flow field” is derived. Furthermore, the divergence of this flow field is negative in the neighborhood of a vortex center, where it achieves its minimum. This indicates that bubbles accumulation may indeed exist, and thus qualitatively confirms the more general numerical results obtained without the assumption of dominant viscous drag forces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-02-20
    Description: Cells can sense and respond to physical properties of their surrounding extracellular matrix. We have demonstrated here that tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 plays an essential role in the response of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to matrix rigidity. On rigid surfaces, large focal adhesions (FAs) and anisotropically oriented stress fibers are formed, whereas...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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