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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 19 (1985), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Failure forms caused by axial ultimate compression stress in three softwood and nine hardwood species and in model specimens made of wood, paper and plastics are described. Three categories of failure forms are distinguished: 1. Wood characteristic failure forms are connected with the general anisotropic structure of the wood. 2. Failure forms specific to the species are modifications of the first category arising from predominant anatomical structures. 3. Modifications of the failure forms are also induced experimentally. The interdependence among the anatomical structure, strength characteristics and failure forms of the wood specimens are examined by statistical methods. The structure cipher introduced in this paper, as a numerical characteristic of the anatomical features of the wood species, is seen to be the most important influencing factor as regards the intensity and pattern of the fracture, followed in second and third place by the geometry of the specimen and its specific gravity. Specimen volume and other factors are shown to have only a marginal influence on the fracture morphology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 21 (1987), S. 372-372 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 25 (1991), S. 402-403 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Wood science and technology 16 (1982), S. 241-259 
    ISSN: 1432-5225
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Structural changes in spruce and aspen wood samples subjected to axial compression were examined by means of the scanning electron microscope. For comparison, macroscopic model experiments were carried out on tube-shaped samples made of paper so as to represent segments of fibriform xylem cells. The results show that there are fracture patterns characteristic of wood in general and others characteristic of the species of wood. The phenomena characteristic of wood in general are prevalent at the cellular level and in the fracture behaviour of the cell wall layers and perforations. The characteristics of the various species of wood dominate at the level of the growth rings and are decisively influenced by the composition and arrangement of the tissues. The model experiments show that the failure morphology of the individual cells of the xylem may be explained to some extent by their geometry.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 57 (1999), S. 225-225 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Subject Sound velocity increses with inreasing grain angle. A deviation of only 10° causes a decrease in velocity of 80% (spruce) and 85% (beech).
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Escherichia coli bacteria, and the colony forming units (cfu) were retrieved by agar contact methods. Bacteria counts after 15 hour storage at room temperature were compared to values obtained after machine and manual washing processes. Results showed that in very humid environment, both wood and PE showed very high numbers of bacteria. Even machine washing of the wet samples hardly reduced the cfu counted. Probably, the high bacteria density observed was due to the high surface moisture of the samples which led to ideal conditions for the microorganisms on the surface from where they are easily retrieved. In drier environment, contact plates removed significantly less bacteria from wood samples than from PE. The reason for this effect was not clearly established, but it was observed that the porous wood surface dried faster than the polyethylene surface. Also, observations of surface samples in a scanning electron microscope proved that after one month of intensive use polyethylene boards obtained a very rough and cavernous surface similar to wood (but with less profound porosity). On wood, these surface cuts open in the drying process and therefore bacteria cannot survive. However, on PE a retention of bacteria enclosed in caverns and the possibility of later release is suspected. On all materials a significant decrease of bacteria count was achieved upon manual washing with detergent and brush followed by rinsing under warm water. After this treatment, bacteria were recovered only sporadically. For wood, an even higher degree of disinfection could possibly be achieved with the microwave method suggested by Park and Cliver (1996). In general, the results of the present experiments show that wood is not, as commonly assumed, less hygienic than polyethylene. The statement that the use of wood in food processing increased the risk of infestation by microorganisms could therefore not be supported.
    Notes: E. coli kontaminiert und darauf die Koloniebildung (cfu = colony forming units) mit der Agar-Methode bestimmt. Bakterienwerte nach 15-stündiger Lagerung bei Raumtemperatur wurden verglichen mit Werten nach dem Waschen (maschinell und von Hand). In feuchter Umgebung zeigten beide Brettertypen hohe Bakterienwerte. Sogar das maschinelle Waschen reduzierte den Wert kaum. Wahrscheinlich bietet die feuchte Oberfläche ideale Bedingungen für die Koloniebildung. In trockenerer Umgebung wurden an Holzproben deutlich weniger Bakterien gezählt als an PE-Brettern. Der Grund dafür ist nicht eindeutig; es wurde aber beobachtet, dass die poröse Holzoberfläche schneller trocknete als die PE-Oberfläche. Weiterhin ergab sich aus elektronenmikroskopischen Beobachungen, dass die Kunststoffbretter nach einmonatigem Gebrauch eine rauhe und ausgehöhlte Oberfläche aufwiesen (allerdings ohne tiefe Poren). Bei Holz öffnen sich diese oberflächlichen Schnittspuren während des Trocknens, und die Bakterien können daher nicht überleben. Bei PE-Oberflächen wird vermutet, dass die Bakterien länger in den Vertiefungen verweilen können. An allen Materialien konnte die Bakterienzahl deutlich reduziert werden durch Handwaschen mit Detergentien und Bürsten, sowie Spülen mit warmem Wasser. Nach dieser Behandlung werden Bakterien nur vereinzelt angetroffen. Für Holz könnte eine noch stärkere Desinfektion mit der Mikrowellenmethode erreicht werden, die von Park and Cliver (1996) vorgeschahlagen wurde. Allgemein kann gesagt werden, daß Holz, anders als allgemein angenommen, nicht weniger hygienisch ist als PE. Die Behauptung, daß der Gebrauch von Holz für die Lebensmittelbearbeitung zu erhöhten hygienischen Risiken führt, konnte daher nicht bestätigt werden.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 55 (1997), S. 339-340 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 55 (1997), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 53 (1995), S. 392-392 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Subject  The calcium bisulphite pulping is limited to softwoods without aromatic heartwood substances. While fir and spruce are admissible, larch, douglas fir and pines must be excluded. Chips deliveries often include these last species, thus causing serious difficulties in pulping. A fast and non-destructive method for the identification of these species is presented.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 56 (1998), S. 124-124 
    ISSN: 1436-736X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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