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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 10 (1973), S. 299-308 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird untersucht, ob und unter welchen Bedingungen sich die in der Hochenergiephysik entwickelten Vieldraht-Proportionalkammern (MWPC) in der Mikrodosimetrie einsetzen lassen. Ausgehend von den Grundformeln der MWPC und der Theorie der Gasverstärkung für das Gebiet hoherE/p- Werte wird an Hand von Beispielen theoretisch gezeigt, für welche Kammerkonfigurationen es möglich sein sollte, Verstärkungs- und Driftgebiet der MWPC voneinander zu trennen und damit Ionisationsereignisse im Diiftgebiet örtlich aufzulösen. Es wurde ein Versuchsaufbau erstellt, mit dem es möglich ist, die Kammerparameter zu variieren sowie Drift- und Verstärkungsraum zu trennen. Aus den aufgenommenen Spektren folgen Werte für die Ausdehnung von Drift- und Multiplikationsgebiet, die mit den theoretisch zu erwartenden in Einklang stehen.
    Notes: Summary Multi-wire proportional chambers (MWPC) have been developed in high energy physics. The basic theory of the MWPC and the theory of gas amplification for high values ofE/p are used to investigate the possible employment of MWPC in microdosimetry. It is shown by theoretical examples that for certain dimensions of a MWPC a zone of electron drift and a separate zone of gas amplification can exist. Thus a local resolution for ionization events occurring in the drift zone can be obtained. With the experimental set-up it was possible to vary the important parameters of a MWPC. The existence of an electron drift zone and a separated gas amplification zone could be shown. The pulse height spectra were used to estimate the dimensions of the drift zone. These estimates are in agreement with the theoretical computations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2019-10-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2328-4277
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-10-15
    Description: Cities are the drivers of socioeconomic innovation and are also forced to address the accelerating risk of failure in providing essential services such as water supply today and in the future. Here, we investigate the resilience of urban water supply security, which is defined in terms of the services that citizens receive. The resilience of services is determined by the availability and robustness of critical system elements or “capitals” (water resources, infrastructure, finances, management efficacy, and community adaptation). We translate quantitative information about this portfolio of capitals from seven contrasting cities on four continents into parameters of a coupled system dynamics model. Water services are disrupted by recurring stochastic shocks, and we simulate the dynamics of impact and recovery cycles. Resilience emerges under various constraints, expressed in terms of each city's capital portfolio. Systematic assessment of the parameter space produces the urban water resilience landscape, and we determine the position of each city along a continuous gradient from water insecure and nonresilient to secure and resilient systems. In several cities stochastic disturbance regimes challenge steady-state conditions and drive system collapse. While water insecure and nonresilient cities risk being pushed into a poverty trap, cities which have developed excess capitals risk being trapped in rigidity and crossing a tipping point from high to low services and collapse. Where public services are insufficient, community adaptation improves water security and resilience to varying degrees. Our results highlight the need for resilience thinking in the governance of urban water systems under global change pressures.
    Keywords: 333.9 ; systems dynamics modeling ; coupled natural-human-engineered systems (CNHES) ; adaptive capacity ; water management ; stochastic shocks ; Capital Portfolio Approach (CPA)
    Language: English
    Type: map
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