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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: Fahrenheit-to-Celsius formula ; iterative solution ; graphical solution ; logistic map ; low-pressure system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The Fahrenheit-to-Celsius temperature-conversion equation is a basic component of many introductory earth science courses. Despite its simplicity, it presents a challenge to students and instructors alike because residents of the United States are unfamiliar with the Celsius scale. By solving for the point at which these two temperature scales are equal, it is possible to use the equations for temperature conversion as a springboard to more advanced topics. It is demonstrated that temperature-conversion equations and chaotic equations can be solved using identical numerical and graphical techniques. As a result, the fundamental concepts of chaos theory and numerical methods can be introduced to students in the context of the simplest equations in the earth sciences. These solution methods are applied to the quantitative theory of the extratropical cyclone as an example of the utility and broad scope of this educational approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2018-08-01
    Description: Weeklong weather science and safety workshops were conducted with 66 teachers of kindergarten through eighth grade (K–8) in three Georgia counties using the American Red Cross (ARC) Masters of Disaster (MoD) curriculum. The workshop goals included building teacher interests in the MoD, increasing teacher knowledge about the MoD curriculum, increasing and evaluating its use by teachers, disseminating information about it to other teachers, evaluating students’ weather science and safety knowledge, and evaluating students’ and families’ weather safety behavior. Workshop participation produced significant increases in teachers’ knowledge about the MoD curriculum, their general knowledge of weather science and safety, and self-efficacy in teaching their students about severe weather. In the year following the workshops, at least 32 teachers from the workshops delivered 178 MoD lessons to 2,465 students in K–8. In a sample of 291 students whose teachers delivered an MoD lesson on lightning, tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods, students obtained a mean of 60% correct responses on a comprehensive postlesson follow-up test. In a follow-up study with a subsample of 94 parents whose children received instruction from the MoD curriculum, 71% of the families indicated that they had developed safety plans and took additional steps (e.g., assembled safety kits, identified evacuation routes, and/or gathered supplies) to prepare for severe weather. This project is thought to be the first of its kind to demonstrate systematically the effectiveness of weather science and safety education for teachers, their students, and the students’ parents.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-04-01
    Description: Human wind reports are a vital supplement to the relatively sparse network of automated weather stations in the United States, especially for localized convective winds. In this study, human wind estimates recorded in Storm Data between 1996 and 2013 were compared with instrumentally observed wind speeds from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN). Nonconvective wind events in areas of flat terrain within the continental United States served as the basis for this analysis because of the relative spatial homogeneity of wind fields in these meteorological and geographic settings. The distribution of 6801 GHCN-measured gust factors (GF), defined here as the ratio of the daily maximum gust to the daily average wind, provided the reference upon which human gust reports were judged. GFs were also calculated for each human estimate by dividing the estimated gust by the GHCN average wind speed on that day. Human-reported GFs were disproportionately located in the upper tail of the observed GF distribution, suggesting that humans demonstrate a tendency to report statistically improbable wind gusts. As a general rule of thumb, humans overestimated nonconvective wind GFs by approximately one-third.
    Print ISSN: 1558-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-8432
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Nonconvective high winds are a deceptively hazardous meteorological phenomenon. Though the National Weather Service (NWS) possesses an array of products designed to alert the public to nonconvective wind potential, documentation justifying the choice of issuance thresholds is scarce. Measured wind speeds from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN)-Daily dataset associated with human-reported nonconvective wind events from Storm Data are examined in order to assess the suitability of the current gust criteria for the NWS wind advisory and high wind warning. Nearly 92% (45%) of the nonconvective wind events considered from Storm Data were accompanied by peak gusts beneath the high wind warning (wind advisory) threshold of 58 mi h−1 (25.9 m s−1) [46 mi h−1 (20.6 m s−1)], and greater than 74% (28%) of all fatal and injury-causing events were associated with peak gusts below these same product gust criteria. NWS wind products were disproportionately issued in areas of complex terrain where wind climatologies include a greater frequency of high wind warning threshold-level gusts, irrespective of observed impacts. For many areas of the eastern United States, a 58 mi h−1 (25.9 m s−1) gust of convective, tropical, or nonconvective origin falls within the top 0.5% of all observed daily maximum wind gusts, nearly eliminating the possibility of a nonconvective gust meeting the issuance criterion.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2016-01-28
    Description: Prior surveys of the public indicated that a variety of meanings and interpretations exist about the probability of precipitation (PoP). Does the same variety of meanings for the PoP exist among members of the professional atmospheric science community? What do members of the professional community think that the public should know to understand the PoP more fully? These questions were examined in a survey of 188 meteorologists and broadcasters. Meteorologists were observed to express a variety of different definitions of the PoP and also indicated a high degree of confidence in the accuracy of their definitions. Differences in the definitions stemmed from the way the PoP was derived from model output statistics, parsing of a 12-h PoP over shorter time frames, and generalizing from a point PoP to a wider coverage warning area. In this regard 43% of the online survey respondents believed that there was no or very little consistency in the definition of PoP; only 8% believed that the PoP definition has been used in a consistent manner. The respondents believed that the PoP was limited in its value to the general public because, on average, those surveyed believed that only about 22% of the population had an accurate conception of the PoP. These results imply that the atmospheric science community should work to achieve a wider consensus about the meaning of the PoP. Further, until meteorologists develop a consistent conception of the PoP and disseminate it, the public’s understanding of PoP-based forecasts may remain fuzzy.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: A 30-yr climatology (1981–2010) of cold-air damming (CAD) events in the southern Appalachians was conducted using hourly surface observations and North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data. Analysis of the spatial distribution and frequency of these events reveals that some part of the Southeast is affected by CAD on 50 days out of each year, and even the northern Florida panhandle and much of Alabama experience CAD conditions on about 30 days annually. Spatially, different CAD types tend to exhibit one of two patterns in the southernmost extent of the cold-air dome: a more southerly dome with a ridge axis oriented from north-northeast to south-southwest or a more westerly dome with a ridge axis in a northeast to west-southwest orientation. These patterns may be the result of both splitting around the region of higher terrain in east-central Alabama and Coriolis forcing in stronger CAD types with higher wind speeds. Analysis of the frequency of CAD by type on a month-by-month and year-by-year basis confirms previous work that CAD is much more frequent during the cold season versus the warm season, with CAD occurring on 6.8 days month−1 during December and only 1.3 days month−1 during July. Analysis was also stratified by CAD type, revealing that weak/dry events were the most common. Classical type events with stronger and more favorably positioned parent highs exhibited the longest average duration, nearly 45 h, while other CAD types averaged approximately half as long.
    Print ISSN: 0882-8156
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0434
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-09-13
    Description: This paper explores the relationship between scientific operationalizations of drought and the politics of water management during times of drought. Drawing on a case study of the 2007–09 drought in Georgia in the southeastern United States, this paper examines how multiple ways of knowing drought were produced, circulated, and utilized by stakeholders. Moreover, this paper explores the policy implications of these multiple ways of knowing drought. Data were drawn from archival research, direct observation, and semistructured interviews with members of the green industry (self-identified members of the urban agricultural sector); state environmental regulators; and local governmental officials. Data were analyzed to examine the interplay between science and politics. This paper highlights the intersections of drought management policy and 1) scale and operationalization of drought; 2) how stakeholders know drought; and 3) societal context within which knowledge of drought is produced, circulated, and utilized. This research demonstrates how stakeholders can leverage the complexity of drought to pursue their political goals and change the way water is managed during times of drought. Even in instances where there are different knowledges of drought, stakeholders can still change the societal context, as the green industry did in Georgia in 2009. This paper argues that scientists and policymakers who work on drought management need to consider how knowledges of drought are coconstituted through interactions between science, nature, and society.
    Print ISSN: 1948-8327
    Electronic ISSN: 1948-8335
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-09-01
    Description: The wet-bulb temperature is a widely used moist thermodynamic variable. The relationship between the wet-bulb temperature, the dry-bulb temperature, and the dewpoint temperature is nonlinear. Most atmospheric thermodynamics textbooks indicate or imply that no simple and accurate approximation relating these three meteorological variables exists. This article provides theoretical justifications for, and real-life applications of, two different simple linear approximations for the wet-bulb temperature. These two approximations are 1) an arithmetic mean of dry-bulb and dewpoint temperatures and 2) a weighted mean of dry-bulb and dewpoint temperatures known as the “one-third rule.” These approximations are highly accurate in two contiguous temperature and moisture regimes: the arithmetic-mean rule outperforms other approximations for relatively moist (average relative humidity = 61%) situations with dry-bulb temperatures bracketing 13°C, and the one-third rule outperforms other approximations for relatively moist (average relative humidity = 50%) situations with dry-bulb temperatures bracketing 4°C. The one-third rule is especially useful because its domain of maximum accuracy includes the phase change for water from solid to liquid and vice versa. Examples of the application of the one-third rule to precipitation-type forecasting and to agricultural practices to prevent frost damage are presented.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: We examine the trajectories of four historical markers displaced during an enhanced Fujita scale 2 (EF2) tornado at the Fort Pulaski National Monument located on Cockspur Island, east of Savannah in southeast Georgia. The careful work of National Park Service employees in cataloguing the origin and landing points of the debris allows for an unusually accurate analysis of tornado debris trajectories for heavy objects. These markers, weighing around 68 kg (150 lb) each, traveled intact for distances of up to 220 m (750 ft). One of the historical markers was fractured into at least three pieces, the larger of which traveled 300 m (1,000 ft). Understanding the travel for these relatively heavy items is important, as they are similar in weight to household appliances that could commonly be part of a tornado debris field.
    Print ISSN: 0003-0007
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-0477
    Topics: Geography , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-03-17
    Print ISSN: 0020-7128
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1254
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Springer
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