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Evaluation of the so-called skeleton sum method, employed in investigations on growth allometry in birds (1965)

Klíma, Milan

Springer

Zoomorphology 55 (1965), S. 250-258

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ISSN: 1432-234X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vergleiche des Wachstums bestimmter Skeletteile mit der Skeletsumme oder der Dorsalwirbeleinheit zeigen, daß die Ergebnisse in beiden Fällen im großen und ganzen übereinstimmen. Obwohl das Verhältnis des Wachstums dieser beiden Größen nicht ganz gleichmäßig ist, kann man sie dock als relativ regelmäßigste Äußerung der Charakteristik des Skeletwachstums ansehen und deshalb als Vergleichskriterien verwenden. Zu empfehlen ist vor allem die Methode der Skeletsumme, und zwar aus folgenden Gründen: l. Die Messung der erwählten, die Skeletsumme bildenden Teile kann mit großer Genauigkeit vorgenommen werden, was bei der Dorsalwirbeleinheit nicht immer möglich ist. 2. Die Meßwerte ergeben relativ hohe Zahlen, weshalb eventuelle Fehler das Endergebnis nicht so stark beeinflussen; außerdem ist die Streuung der Werte nicht so groß wie bei der anderen Methode. 3. Obwohl das Wachstum der einzelnen Komponenten der Skeletsumme nicht ganz gleichmäßig erfolgt, gleichen sich die Unregelmäßigkeiten aus und die Summe repräsentiert das gesamte Skelet, während die Dorsalwirbel bloß einen geringen Teil des Skelets darstellen. Bei der Anwendung der Skeletsummenmethode ist zu beachten, daß es sich um einen relativen Maßstab handelt und die Ergebnisse sind unter diesem Aspekt zu werten.

Notes: Summary A comparison of growth of certain parts of a skeleton with the skeleton sum and with the thoracic vertebrae indicates that the results are much the same in both cases. While the growth of both these values is not quite uniform mutually, both of them may notwithstanding be considered as the most representative expressions of the general growth character of the skeleton. For this reason, they may be used as comparative criteria. Especially, the use of the skeleton sum may be recommended for the following reasons: (1) The selected parts of the skeleton, making up the skeleton sum, can be measured exactly, which is not invariably the case with the thoracic vertebrae. (2) The measurements obtained are rather hight values and thence the possible errors in measurements cannot much influence the final result and the variation of the values is not as wide as in using the thoracic vertebrae. (3) Even if the growth of the individual parts of the skeleton sum does not follow an identical course, the differences are balanced in the total sum which thus represents the unit while the thoracic vertebrae represent only a small part of skeleton. However, in applying the method of skeleton sum it must be borne in mind that this is a relative criterion and all results obtained must be evaluated according to that.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407431

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Prenatal development of the integument in Delphinidae (Cetacea: Odontoceti) (1995)

Meyer, Wilfried ; Neurand, Klaus ; Klima, Milan

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 223 (1995), S. 269-287

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: The prenatal development of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis was studied in embryos of different ago of two delphinid species (Stenella attenuata, Delphinus delphis), using light and transmission electron microscopical methods. The delphinid embryo is covered by a multilayered tissue formed by four different epidermal generations (periderm, stratum intermedium-I, str. intermedium-II, str. spinosum) produced by the str. basale. The first layer appears at about 40-50 mm of body length, the second type (s.i.-I) about 60-160 mm, and the third type (s.i.-II) is present at 160-500 mm. The first spinosal cells are produced at 225-260 mm body length; thenceforth, the epidermis increases continuously in thickness. Epidermal ridge formation begins about 400-mm body length. The development of the dermis is characterized by the early production of thin connective tissue fibers (40- 70-mm body length) and simultaneously the cutaneuous muscle matures in structure. Vascular development intensifies between embryos of 150-225 mm, and collagen production increases markedly in fetuses of 225-260-mm length. These events are paralledled by an increase in dermal thickness. The first elastic fibers can be recognized in the skin from the abdomen at about 600-mm body length. The development of the hypodermis is marked by very rapid and constantly progressing growth, beginning about 60-mm body length. The first typical fat cells appear in animals of 360-400 mm. Regional differences are obvious for all skin layers with regard to the flippers, where structural maturation proceeds more rapidly than in dorsal or abdominal regions. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Additional Material: 9 Ill.