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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Adulte Mittelmeerfeldgrillen wurden vom Zeitpunkt der Imaginalhäutung an bei 8 konstanten und 8 tagesperiodisch alternierenden Temperaturen gehalten, die den gesamten Lebensbereich von Gryllus bimaculatus erfassen. Bestimmt wurden die mittlere Lebenserwartung, Nahrungsverbrauch und Kotproduktion, Dauer der Nahrungspassage durch den Darm und Restnährstoffe in den Exkrementen, Eiablage, Entwicklungszeit und die Entwicklungsrate der Eier. 2. Gryllus bimaculatus zeigt für die untersuchten physiologischen Leistungen unter konstanten Temperaturbedingungen unterschiedliche Temperaturansprüche und Optimalbereiche. Adulte Tiere weisen die längste Lebensdauer bei 20°C auf und nehmen erst bei Temperaturen über 10°C Nahrung zu sich. Die günstigste Futterverwertung erfolgt zwischen 27° und 34°C. Häutungen zu Imagines konnten erst ab 20°C beobachtet werden. Das Temperaturpräferendum von 34±2°C liegt in einem Bereich mit zunehmender Mortalitätsrate. Bei Temperaturen unter 20°C legen die Weibchen keine Eier ab, bei 34°C erreicht die Eiproduktion ein Maximum von 1000 Stück pro Tier mit einer Ausschlüpfrate von 53%. Die Embryonalentwicklung beginnt im Ei bei 16,6°C, ihre kürzeste Entwicklungsdauer erreichen die Larven bei 34°C. 3. Mit Ausnahme von Lebensdauer und Eiproduktion fördern alternierende Tagestemperaturen die physiologischen Leistungen adulter Gryllus bimaculatus nicht. Die Zahl der abgelegten Eier liegt bei Wechseltemperaturen um 20° und 27°C 1,4–3mal so hoch wie bei den mittleren konstanten Temperaturwerten. Mit konstanten 34°C vergleichbare Ergebnisse werden für alle gemessenen Parameter nur bei Wechseltemperaturen um 27°C annähernd erreicht. 4. Die Produktion organischer Substanz (Gewichtsveränderungen und Eiproduktion) und die Embryonalentwicklungszeit folgen annähernd den von Kaufmann (1932) aufgestellten Temperatursummenregeln. 5. Bei konstanten Haltungstemperaturen von 13° und 10°C nehmen die Tiere noch relativ viel Futter auf, produzieren aber kaum mehr Kot. Eine Erhöhung des Quotienten aus Futterverbrauch zu Kotproduktion von Q=4–6 bei 20°–38°C auf Q=7–39 bei 10° und 13°C bedeutet in diesem Temperaturbereich eine Speicherung von Nährstoffen im Körper, wie sie schon bei biochemischen Ganztieranalysen gefunden wurde (Hoffmann, 1973). 6. Tagesperiodisch alternierende Temperaturen sind durch die Amplitude, Aufheiz- und Abkühlgeschwindigkeit, obere und untere Grenztemperaturwerte, die zeitliche Lage und das Verhältnis von Wärme- zu Kälteperiode zu charakterisieren. Darüberhinaus werden physiologische Leistungsanpassungen durch den 24-stündigen Licht-Dunkel-Zyklus, Beziehungen des Temperaturwechsels zum Licht-Dunkel-Wechsel und durch endogene Rhythmen mitbestimmt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Adult males and females of Gryllus bimaculatus were kept at 8 constant temperatures and 8 temperatures that varied during the day-night cycle. These covered the entire scope of temperature tolerance of the crickets. Longevity, food consumption, production of excrements, rate of food passage through the alimentary canal, chemical composition of excrements, and the fertility of females were analyzed. 2. The crickets were found to have different temperature requirements for all physiological parameters. Adult animals live the longest at 20°C; food uptake starts at 10°C, and a maximum of food utilization is reached between 27° and 34°C. Molting occurs only at temperatures above 20°C; temperature preference is 34±2°C, where mortality is highest. Egg production starts at 20°C; a maximum of 1000 eggs per animal is reached at 34°C, with a hatching rate of 53%. Embryonal development starts at 16.6°C, with the shortest period of larval development occurring at 34°C. 3. Temperatures varying during the day-night cycle do not accelerate physiological functions, except for life span and egg production. The number of eggs per female is 1.4–3 times greater at alternating temperatures than at the medium constant temperatures. Results comparable with those of 34°C (1000 eggs per animal, hatching rate of 53%) are obtained only with fluctuating temperatures around 27°C (1300–1400 eggs per animal, hatching rate of 50%). 4. The production of organic substances and the time for embryonal development approximately correspond to the calculations of Kaufmann (1932). 5. Quotients of food consumption and defecation increase from Q=4–6 between 20° and 38°C to Q=7–39 at 10° at 10° and 13°C, which within this temperature range means a storage of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. These results are in agreement with the chemical composition of Gryllus bimaculatus analyzed by Hoffmann (1973). 6. Temperatures varying during the day-night cycle are characterized by their amplitude, the velocity of heating and cooling, low and upper temperature limits, and the temporary relation of warm to cold period. Physiological functions are determinated by a light-dark cycle, the relation of temperature to the change from light to dark, and endogenous rhythms of the organisms.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Main storage substances in blowflies from Spitsbergen are protein (313.9 mg/g d.w.) and lipids (365.1 mg/g). Laboratory stock individuals (30° C) on the contrary, do not accumulate such quantities of lipids but have low-molecular carbohydrates for their main organic constituent. Mean caloric values range from 5.41 to 5.73 kcal/g dry weight in Spitsbergen species, but reach only 4.52 kcal/g in laboratory cultured Protophormia. Results are discussed in relation to the effect of biotop conditions on the calorific value of flies and their importance as food quality.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 13 (1973), S. 147-175 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Adulte Gryllus campestris und Gryllus bimaculatus wurden bei drei bzw. fünf verschiedenen konstanten und einer tagesperiodisch wechselnden Versuchstemperatur 3–4 Wochen lang gehalten und die Ganztiere bzw. ihre Hämolymphe auf Gesamtwassergehalt, osmotischen Druck, Gehalt an Na, K, Ca, Cl, Protein, NPS, Gesamtlipide, Gesamtkohlenhydrate, niedermolekulare Zucker, Polysaccharide, organische Säuren, Nucleinsäuren, Chitin und Aschegehalt untersucht. Die Hämolymphe wurde auf Polyacrylamid elektrophoretisch getrennt (Abb. 5). 2. Die Hämolymphe von Gryllus campestris weist bei der Gefrierpunktserniedrigung und allen anorganischen Kationen ein Maximum bei 10°C auf. Osmotischer Durck, Gesamtlipide und NPS der Hämolymphe von Gryllus bimaculatus haben bei 5°C ein Maximum, Gesamtprotein, Aldosen und Gesamtkohlenhydrate bei 13°C (Abb. 1-4). 3. Die Ganztieranalyse von Gryllus bimaculatus ergibt ein Maximum für Gesamtlipide, Gesamtpolysaccharide und NPS bei 5°C, für niedermolekulare Kohlenhydrate und Glykogen bei 10°C. Der Lactat/Pyruvat-Quotient nimmt mit fallender Temperatur zu, der Wassergehalt der Tiere dagegen ab. Die Nucleinsäuren unterscheiden sich bei den verschiedenen Haltungstemperaturen nur sehr wenig, Chitin zeigt keine Veränderungen. Die größten Variationen in Abhägigkeit von der Haltungstemperature findet man bei den Lipiden und den Polysacchariden. Die Summe aus den Trockengewichten von Proteinen und Lipiden ist bei allen Haltungstemperaturen annähernd gleich, einer Zunahme an Lipiden bei tiefen Temperaturen stehen gleich große Abnahmen an Proteinen gegenüber (Abb. 6-13). 4. Die Wechselteperatur wirkt bei den verschiedenen untersuchten Parametern unterschiedlich (Tabelle 3). 5. Bei fast allen Stoffklassen ist ein ausgeprägter Sexualdimorphismus vornanden. 6. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch ist temperaturabhängig mit einem Q 10-Wert von etwa 2,5.
    Notes: Summary 1. Adult males and females of Gryllus campestris and Gryllus bimaculatus were kept at 3 and 5 constant temperatures respectively and at a fluctuating temperature for 3–4 weeks. The hemolymph and whole bodies of the treated crickets were analyzed for the osmotic pressure, contents of water, sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride and their main organic constituent, i.e. lipids, protein, free amino acids, total and low-molecular carbohydrates, polysacchardes, organic acids, nucleic acids and chitin. Males and females of Gryllus bimaculatus are characterized by the position of their hemolymph proteins in polyacrylamide electropherograms (Fig. 5). 2. The hemolymph in Gryllus campestris shows maximum osmotic pressure and maximum concentrations of all cations at 10°C. The concentration of total lipids, ninhydrin-positive substances and the freezing point depression of the body liquid in Gryllus bimaculatus are greatest at 5°C, whereas contents of aldoses and other carbohydrates are maximal at 13°C (Figs. 1–4). 3. Whole body analysis of Gryllus bimaculatus revealed highest concentrations of total lipids, total polysaccharides and ninhydrin-positive substances at 5°C, those of low-molecular carbohydrates and glycogen at 10°C. The lactate/pyruvate-ratio increases with decreasing temperature. The water content of these crickets is high at 27°C and low at 5°C; no essential differences were found in nucleic acids. The main storage substances seem to be lipid and polysaccharides (Figs. 6–13); an increase in lipids is correlated with a decrease in proteins. 4. The effects of a fluctuating temperature (+20°C/-1,5°C) on the inorganic and organic constituents of hemolymph and tissue are very different (Table 3). 5. Sex-dependent differences were demonstrated in the chemical composition of Gryllus at all temperatures. 6. The oxygen consumption is temperature dependent (Q 10≈2.5; Fig. 14).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. Embryonic development, larval growth and fecundity of Mediterranean field crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus, were determined at various constant, daily alternating and quickly oscillating temperature regimes. 2. At constant temperatures ranging from 20° to 34° C embryonic development follows the rule of sum of hourdegrees above zero point. In variable temperature regimes some acceleration in the rate of egg development is present. However, compared with mean constant temperatures a higher amount of hour-degrees is necessary to complete egg development. 3. No larval development was possible at constant 20° C, whereas complete larval development is observed at diurnally alternating LTD conditions, corresponding to a mean constant temperature of 20° C. Quickly changing temperatures, oscillating around the same mean value of 20° C, further accelerate larval development. 4. Females housed at 26°:14° C/2:2 h, 7:7 h or 8:8 h produced higher numbers of eggs than those at any of the constant temperature regimes. 5. The decision as to which temperature regime is the most favorable for the development, reproduction, and survival of G. bimaculatus is based on the net reproduction oer generation (R o) and the capacity for increase (r c).A maximum in R o is observed in the 2:2 h temperature regime, whereas the capacity for increase is maximal at constant 27° to 34° C. 6. The probable mechanisms for increased rates of development and reproduction under variable temperature regimes and the ecological significance of the results are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Structural, kinetic and thermodynamic activation properties of muscle pyruvate kinases from invertebrate species adapted to different thermal environments were examined. 2. Structural rigidity, as estimated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and heat inactivation temperature, is positively correlated with acclimatization temperature of the organism (Fig. 1). 3. K m-values for PEP are hardly influenced by experimental temperatures within the normal temperature range of the species (Fig. 2). A good correlation, however, exists betweenK m-values and the capacity of tissues for aerobic glycolysis (Fig. 3). 4. All pyruvate kinases can exist in two (or more) temperature-dependent conformational states. Sizes of ΔH≠-values are correlated with the species' acclimatization temperature (Fig. 6) but not with the temperature variability in the cells (Fig. 7). 5. A correlation exists between the free energy of activation ΔG≠, body temperatures and the capacity of muscles for aerobic glycolysis (Table 2).
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2010-01-28
    Print ISSN: 1438-3896
    Electronic ISSN: 1438-390X
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2009-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0167-577X
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-4979
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 1974-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1973-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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